Ahandonecl Beaches of Lake Superior. — Taylor. 117 
titucle of 455.1 feet. The extensive ballast pit Ix'low the sta- 
tion shows the gravel in fresli exposure 30 feet high. Con- 
sidering the way in which the old delta was shut in between 
the hills and the comparatively coarse quality of much of the 
gravel, it seems probable that its surface at the pit does not 
mark the old water level, but is somewhat higher. The 
structure of the delta was not very well shown except in the 
upper part above the talus where the laj^ers were horizontal. 
Lake Kaministiqaia and the Sunshine Red Clay. A short 
distance above Kaministiqaia the railroad crosses the river 
and turns away westward and within a. few miles farther en- 
ters the valley of Sunshine creek which it follows nearly to 
its source. Three or four miles beyond Kaministiquia the cuts 
along the railway begin to disclose sections of fine red clay. 
The frequency and depth of these clay sections increase until, 
from a point two or three miles south of Finmark to a point 
four or five miles beyond this place, the clay appears to form 
an almost complete mantle over the drift and rocks of the val- 
ley floor and many sections 15 to iQ feet or more in depth may 
be seen. The color of this clay is bright red. It is fine and 
smooth in texture, and no evidence of stratification or lami- 
nation was found. Two or three thin layers of moderately 
coarse sand and several small pockets of sand were discovered. 
These pockets resembled the "sand boulders" sometimes found 
in clayey masses of glacial drift and may have been frozen or 
cemented when deposited. On the first trip I alighted from 
the train in a cut about fifty rods west of a long trestle two 
miles above Finmark and walked back along the track to the 
station. In this way I had a fine opportunity to examine the 
clay which is exposed in an almost continuous series of cuts 
in this interval. West of the trestle the clay appeared not to 
extend up more than 75 or 100 feet above the track, which is 
there about 100 feet above Finmark. (On C. P. R. profile Fin- 
mark is 1177 feet above sea level.) On account qf recent cav- 
ing, many of the clay surfaces in the cuts were comparative- 
ly fresh. In two places, one at the bottom of a section 25 
feet deep, ditches had been dug out on that day. Weathered 
surfaces showed a distinct granular structure like the buck- 
shot soil of tlie lower Mississippi, but no lamination. The 
grains or little blocks are fine at the top of the sections, a six- 
