Review of Recent Geological Literature. 335 
Another point made out is the great antiquity of man in Europe as 
deduced from remains of his utensils and weapons found buried in the 
bogs. Work of this kind was done in Denmark a number of years ago, 
but it is satisfactory to find the work of the Danes confirmed by inves- 
tigations made farther north. 
Dr. Rutger Sernander has been (me of the leaders of this work in 
Sweden. He has found that the tioie of the Litorina sea, which was 
the last marine condition preceding the present elevation of the land in 
Sweden, had three different phases of climate which he identifies with 
the periods to which Prof. Blytt of Christiania, Norway, has given the 
names Atlantic, Sub-boreal and Sub-Atlantic. 
The Atlantic period which lasted while the Litorina sea had a great 
extent is distinguished by an insular climate with heavy precipitation, 
having as a result a rich deposit of mud and peat in the peat bogs. Dur- 
ing this period the flora had a more southern character than it has at 
present. 
The Suh-boreal period, which changed a great many of the ancient 
lakes and marshes into abodes for the growth a vegetation loving a 
dry soil, consisting especially of dense wood with perhaps the mossHy- 
locomium, in the under vegetation, should have had a dry climate. 
Finally the Sub- Atlantic period began with very heavy rainfall, and 
the conditions at this time were well suited to the formation of peat and 
peat bogs. 
After the mild Atlantic period there was a fall of temperature and 
this is especially shown by the discoveries made at the peat-bogs of 
Gottersater, which has enabled us to fix the time of the alteration of 
the climate at the transition from the Sub-boreal to the Sub-Atlan- 
tic period. 
It is still very uncertain at what epoch man set foot in Scandinavia, 
but from the mean of a series of observations it has been proved that 
man lived in Sweden during the first part of the Litorina period. It is 
known also that from the age of chipped stone the country has been 
greatly raised above the level of the sea. Dr. Sernander has shown that 
the "Atlantic" bed of the peat-mosses, which he refers to the Litorina 
period are synchronous with the age of stone, and mentions the discov- 
ery of a lacustrine dwelling near Hallstad in Ostrogathia. 
As bearing upon the question of the age of man in Sweden is the dis- 
covery in the peat-bog of Gottersater of fi-agments of a clay pot by Mr. 
Kjellmark. This fragment was ornamented with incised straight lines 
and is similar to others in the museum at Stockholm which are of the 
latest part of the age of polished stone. The fragment was unearthed 
at a depth of two meters in the bog and was in a lacustrine mud of the 
Atlantic period and so much anterior to the present time, Mr. Kjell- 
mark estimates (with the concurrence of Mr. Montelius who is in charge 
of the archajological collections of the state museum in Stockholm) that 
the age of the fragment is a little more than 2000 years before the Christ- 
ian Era.* 
*In a later estimate based on the recession of the Litorina sea, Mr. Kjellniark 
Rives 5500 years as the period which has elapsed since the burial of this fragment of 
pottery. 
