Lower Coal Measures.— Brown. 2,4 
bo 
‘ 
At other places in the same neighborhood there is one foot of 
shale between the coal and limestone, while in the vicinity of 
Clinton furnace, the limestone is more siliceous, highly ferri- 
ferous and 10 ft. to 12 ft. of sandstone divides it from the over- 
lying coal. This limestone is the Johnstown cement bed of 
Pennsylvania. 
Descending, we next pass through 40 ft. of flaggy sandstones 
and shales and reach a stratum of black shale, usually about 1 ft. 
thick, filled with fossil plants, calamites, Lepidodendra, Neurop- 
teris hirsuta and Pecopteris of various species. | The black shale 
is the roof of a very important seam of coal, the Lower Kittan- 
ning, the most extensive coal seam of the Appalachian field. — It 
varies greatly in thickness, but is nearly always workable. In 
the western part of our section it is four feet thick; in the New- 
burg basin it is over seven feet in thickness. In the vicinity 
of Halleck, this coal shows the following structure: 
WOM errtesa nets isc « a1 050 2 
SSIES) eucoteiain te ia\e x piers 2! Hee © 
(CORI BAGG Ac aie Semen NY OE oy 8 
REISUEOS sapalalic'e ae vie) nv sje's 0) 2 
COE ce Seen CR euninte 0 10 
Although it is all good coal the lower stratum of ten inches is 
of very superior quality and is much used by blacksmiths. —In- 
deed, it is to its value for this purpose that the whole seam owes 
its high reputation, 
In the bottom of the shaft at Newburg, it shows the following 
complex structure: 
(Cle Les eortai Acats Recto aa 0’ Oe 
RUMEN eS OA Van Arete esxeioron treks 0! 10" 
COad See itis « aycie eins 0! 6” 
CORT, OMY sss alsc5 ot tes GO. chi hy ae SRS lala 
Coal, main bench......4' 6" 
DIAC KE SIALG Hea srurtetels 0! 6" 
(Comer tc severe? 2! 0" 
Under the Lower Kittanning coal, we have 35 ft. of shales and 
clays bearing iron ore nodules near the bottom. — It is this iron 
ore that furnishes a cause for the number of chalybeate springs 
that occur at this horizon along Chestnut ridge. 
Next comes a hard-pebbly sandstone that is usually about 15 ft. 
in thickness, filled with impressions of large plants, Sigillarids 
and Lepidodendra, and which resembles the ‘Great Conglomer- 
ate.” Thisis perhaps the Homewood sandstone, of Pennsylvania, 
the uppermost member of the Pottsville conglomerate series. 
