310 The American Geologist. May, 1892: 
terial deposited by the ice directly, changing both its topography 
and its constitution. Our terminal moraines are therefore looked 
upon as accumulations of drift, made beneath the oscillating but 
nearly constant edge of an ice sheet, more or less modified by glacio- 
natant waters. The irregularities of topography are regarded as- 
largely the result of unequal accumulation. Horizontal and ver- 
tical ice-pressure, as well the vigorous action of ice-water, con- 
tributed to the development of the rough terminal morainic 
topography. This seems to be similar to the view of Dr. Keilhack, 
except that he would assign to ice pressure, a more important role. 
Endmoriine. The formation which has received the name of 
terminal moraine (Hndmordne) in Germany, is a narrow, wall- 
like ridge, or a series of steep mounds arranged in linear 
order. Its width for one region is stated to range from 100 to: 
400 meters. Tor the same region its average hight is said to be 
from five to ten meters, though it is occasionally considerably 
more. The slopes of the ridge, or of the more or less separated 
hills, have an angle of 30° to 40°. In some regions there are two: 
of these terminal moraines, the one lying several miles within the 
other. These narrow ridges or series of mounds are made up 
largely of bowlders. Their constitution and form haye giver 
them the name of ‘‘bowlder walls” (Geschiebewdlle). In some 
cases, the finer material, sand, till, etc.,seems to hardly more than 
occupy the interstices between the bowlders. In other places, 
sand and till are more important constituents. They sometimes: 
occur within the body of the moraine (Hidmordne), interbedded 
with those portions which consist essentially of bowlders. In 
some cases, till mantles the ‘‘bowlder wall.’’ In other places the 
terminal moraine (Hidimordine) is composed essentially of strati- 
fied sand and gravel (p. 113), upon the surface of which only are 
abundant large bowlders. The course of this ‘‘bowlder wall” is 
somewhat irregular. (Generally speaking, it is made up of a 
series of curves concave toward the direction from which the ice 
came. Locally, the sharp ridge may grade into a bowlder belt by 
widening, though it is expressly stated that not all the bowlder 
belts of north Germany are to be regarded as the equivalents of 
this terminal moraine. In many regionsthis terminal moraine, or 
‘‘bowlder wall,” has not so great altitude as the ‘‘ground moraine 
landscape” with which it is closely associated. It courses over 
the surface of the greater Baltic ridge without much regard to the 
