Drift of the North German Lowland.—Salishury. 315 
not indicate whether the Ludmordine is more commonly found on 
the outer or on the inner face of the ‘‘ground moraine land- 
scape’ belt, this relationship between the ‘‘2udimordine” and the 
“Durchragungszuge’ does not serve to indicate the relation be- 
tween the latter and the ‘*Grundmoranenlundscha/ft.”’ 
We believe that the three sets of phenomena, the ‘ground 
moraine landscape’ (= our terminal moraine), the German term- 
inal moraine (= a ‘‘dump” moraine), and the hills and ridges of 
gravelandsand( Durchragungszuge und Kime), are closely associated 
in time of origin. We believe that they all represent marginal 
accumulations, and that together they constitute what is known in 
America as a belt of terminal moraines. The gravel and sand 
hills and ridges, with occasional bowlders below the surface, and 
abundant ones upon it, we regard as kames, and believe that they 
correspond to the kames so commonly associated with the termi- 
nal moraines in America. Locally such kames make up a large 
part of our terminal moraine accumulations. This correlation is 
based in part upon Dr. Wahnschatfe’s description, and partly upon 
my own observations. If this interpretation be correct, the termi- 
nal moraine (HLudmordine) of the Germans, and the accumulations 
here regarded as kames, should be more commonly associated 
with the outer face of the belt affected by the ‘‘ground moraine 
landscape” topography than with the inner. But kames are not 
confined to such positions. Locally they are abundant and well 
developed on the inner face of the terminal moraine belt, and 
less commonly at points remote from it. Geinitz has regarded 
the sand and gravel hills as Asar and kames, (p. 113) but this 
view does not seem to approve itself to Dr. Wahnschaffe. 
There are a few ridges of stratified material not stated to be 
closely associated with the Baltic ridge, which would appear to be 
osars. One such is mentioned by Dr. Wahnschaffe at Lubasch in 
Posen. Others of similar form are excluded from the class osars, 
apparently on the ground that they are covered by till, while 
typical osars have not their crests covered by till, though their 
flanks may be. We do not get the impression from the refer- 
ences to kames and osars (asar) that discriminations between them 
have been carried to the same extent in Germany as in America. 
But the distinction between kames and osars has only recently 
come to be generally recognized here. 
The discussion concerning the position of the ‘‘old” valleys, and 
