46 The American Geologist. January. 1901. 
possessed the rounded, ridge-like summit characteristic of this spe- 
cies of glacial topography. Its side had been broken away, and from 
the distance, about 600 ft. at which I saw it, the appearance was that 
of sand. Such a phenomenon in a region in which I had looked in 
vain for glacial signs was a novel and startling one, and I hurried to- 
ward it to make sure. In truth the material of which it was composed 
was sand, and I could bury my pick to the handle end in it, but alas 
it was a fine even grained dioritic greiscii, nothing else. It was in it- 
self a remarkable form of dike weathering and interesting on that ac- 
count, but as regards glaciation it was only another of the negative 
signs of which I had accumulated an extensive category. 
The Bazaika Creek valley, about 15 miles to the southeast of 
Krasnoyarsk, and across the Yenesei river from that city, furnished 
the only evidence of a fair sized glaciated area of a former age which 
I have seen. 
Here is an area of 100 square miles or so, enclosed by high rock 
walls of granite, and sedimentaries, in which, although of purely lo- 
cal origin, and confined to local efifects, glacial conditions have ob- 
tained. Drumlins of most perfect form may be found in the bottom 
of the valley, near the Bazaika creek and they extend up to a hight of 
600 or 700 feet on the side of the mountain. The glacial cirque topog- 
raphy, so common in the high Rockies, has here its development on 
a very large scale on one side of the valley, in such a manner that a 
large amphitheatre is formed, along which the creek makes its way for 
a distance of ten miles. At the upper end of this stream, some sixty 
miles from its junction with the Yenesei, it is evident that a glacier 
must have existed whose detritus now encumbers the valley. Near 
the village at the base of the vallej', inside a long spur of limestone 
which separates the creek from the Yenesei, lies on one side a beauti- 
fully bedded sand-plain, now nearly cut through in section by the 
stream itself. Such occurrences as this are too rare in Siberia not to 
attract attention, and although I was unable to find confirmatory evi- 
dence in the form of scratched pebbles, and am therefore open to the 
charge of assertion on non-conclusive evidence, yet so unusual an oc- 
currence in Siberia, a non-glacial country, deserves a mention. 
In the high Altai the cirques at the head of the valleys, such as 
occur in Colorado, due to present freezing, melting and refreezing con- 
ditions, are common and may of course be called minute results of local 
glaciation. Present glaciers exist also in the Altai on the head streams 
of the Irtish river, near the Mongolian border. They occur, however, 
in mountain valleys, as in Switzerland, at bights of 10,000 feet, and 
are purely local in their efifects. 
In east Siberia, the gold-placer industry has led to a considerable 
study being made of the gravels which there encumber the valleys to 
depths varying from 10 to 150 feet. Their subangular character has 
led some observers to refer their presence to transportation by glaci- 
ers. From my own observations on the gravels they do not appear to 
me to have come from foreign sources. Their material can always 
