Edzvard Drinker' Cope. — Frazer. 99 
In 1874 Cope published thirty scientific papers. 
Haddonfield, N. J., August 8, 1875. Dear Father: "There are 
three forms of evolution doctrines: (i) That non-vital force evolves 
life; (2) that internal consciousness is the source of non-vital force 
and life; (3) that external or supernatural force, applied from with- 
out, maintains development. My studies have led me to the second 
position. The third is Prof. McCosh's; the first that of the material- 
ists." * * 
In 1875 Prof. Cope printed forty-five scientific papers. 
"February 29, 1876. Dear F. * * In zoology the vertebrate chair 
is nearest equal to that of Mollusca, each representing a "branch" of 
the animal kingdom — while the Lower Invertebrate includes a much 
greater range, viz.: the branches Protozoa, Coelenterata, Echinoder- 
mata and the Worms and Crustacea from the Articulata. 
In numbers Vertebrata include the fewest species of the four 
geological chairs, viz.: Vertebrata, 26,000; Mollusca, 35,000: insects. 
400,000, and Lower Invertebrate as defined, 50,000. 
P. S. In Philadelphia the students of Mollusca exceed those of 
Vertebrata or are about equal, while in the United States the ento- 
mologists equal in number all other kinds of zoologists together." 
"Haddonfield, N. J., June ist, 1876. Dear F. : "In the light of 
further reflection, it seems to me that your serious discussion of the 
proposition of the transfer of life from one substance to another in 
connection with evolution, is well worthy of a place in a scientific 
journal. I would add that the popular handling of it in your graphic 
way, as based on said discussion, would grace the pages of the Penn. 
Monthly." * * 
"Cow Island, October 3, 1876. Dear Wife: * * Yesterday we 
moved out of the bad lands after procuring some good things. We 
had a difficult task to get down to the Missouri through the canons 
and precipices. Had to let wagon down with ropes. We are now 
camped on south side of the river four miles below here. 
"On Missouri river steamer C. K. Peck, near mouth of Moreau 
river, Oct. 20, '76. Dear Sister: * * i -was disgusted with the 
superstition of the officers and crew, a day or so ago. I gathered a 
number of skulls and skeletons of Sioux with a bag of tools buried 
with a chief, and brought them to the boat and boxed them up. 
The uproar it created among the poor white element that ran the 
lesser offices, scared the captain so that he ordered them all taken 
back to the place where I obtained them. He was greatly scared, 
and said I had "immolated the graves of the dead." The rumseller 
made the lowest protests, mingling oaths and sentimental stupidities 
in equal proportions. The clerk protested that no one dare touch 
the bones of his "little wife," which lay down in some Arkansas 
swamp, and the engineer declared that the Sioux would capture the 
boat! * * * " 
