The Making of Pennsylvania. — Claypole. 225 
ion were explained as due to the penetration of a mysterious 
process of metamorphism into the superior member of the 
sedimentary series, rather than to the accumulation of detrital 
matters from the older crystalline schists in the basal member 
of a new and unconformable group of uncrystalline sedi- 
ments/ 
Park Avenue Hotel, New York, March 1, 1890. 
THE MAKING OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
By E. W, Claypole, Akron, 0. 
Part The First. 
The beautiful Keystone State has a long and eventful 
history. Ages before her bell tolled forth the birth of a nation 
— ages before her Quaker Patron landed on the shores of the 
Delaware, negotiated his bargain for cheap land with the na. 
tive tribes and founded the city of brotherly love — ages before 
the yet earlier Swedo-Finnish colony settled at the meeting of 
the two streams — even long ere the Red Man or that other and 
earlier race whose remains are found in the gravels of New Jer- 
sey had come upon the scene, the "Making of Pennsylvania" 
began. The story of her development from the most distant 
date yet discernible by the telescope of geology to the com- 
mencement of her occupation by man, though at present a 
mere outline, is yet of great interest not merely to the geolo- 
gist but to every one who feels any curiosity regarding the 
processes — by which the earth of to-day has been evolved. 
The geological history of Pennsylvania divides itself into 
two great eras — thepala30zoic and the post-palaeozoic. These 
may be defined for our present purpose as the eras before and 
after the end of the Carboniferous period. The cessation of 
^Those who wish to study the present question will find besides the 
two papers from the Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. History in 1870 and 1876, 
already cited, much additional matter in the author's address before 
the Amer. Assoc. Adv. Science, at Indianapolis in 1871, on The Geognosy 
of the Appalachians, and in his essay on the History of the names 
Cambrian and Silurian in Geology, in the Can. Naturalist for 1872. 
The latter appeared in a French translation by Dewalque, at Mons, in 
1875, and both are reprinted in the author's Chemical and Geological Es- 
says. See also the history, with much detail, in Azoic Rocks, being Re- 
port E., of the Second Geological survey of Penn., 1878, and further 
Geological History of Serpentine, with studies of pre-Canibrian Rocks, 
Royal Soc, Canada, Vol. I., and The Taconic Question in Geology, 
ibid,\o\ii. I. and II. ; both being reprinted in the author's Mineral Pliys- 
iography and Physiology. Further, the Taconic Question Restated, 
American Naturalist, Feb., March and April, 1887. 
