Tectonic Geography of .Isia. Hobos. 147 
ized by strong vulcanisn: on the soulliwcst point of the Liau peinnsiila, 
as it is also by the disturbed condition of the strata. This latter 
Richthofen's keen eye detecmined in a manner beyond all doubt. In 
the case assumed by me, all the mountain ranges in Shantung and in 
southern Manchuria which without doubt belong to the Sinian system, 
fall upon one side of this grvat fault. For this line of faulting in Man- 
churia it is characteristic that it — as mentioned — is associated with great 
basins. 
(4) 'I'lie soutliern part of ]\Ianchuria is covered l;y mountains of the 
Sinian system wliich probalily extend over from Shantung toward Kor- 
ea. 
(5) Between the two fault lines of Liau-tung is to be recognized in 
two places the E.W. mountain trend. One is the range of Shang-pai in 
the south, the other the Thu ranc;e and its parallel granite range in 
the north. Such an east-western mountain range the system of the 
smaller Khingan also appears to he. 
(6) Between the two fn.ult lines of the Liau peninsula and the 
equatorial mountain chains rises the trap plateau of Manchuria. 
(7) Liau si is an abrasion plateau whose main skeleton is formed 
by mountain chains, which unite in the Tschang-pai. Originally, how- 
ever, they fcllowed the S.W.-X.E. direction, and terminate on the fault 
of the Liau-si." 
KOREA. 
The peninsula of Korea, which Griffis has aptly termed the 
"land of the hennit nation"' has been given a thorough studv 
by the well known Japanese savant Koto.'" Under great difH- 
culties he has crossed and recrossed this little known country 
in a series of geological sections which in most districts are 
separated by intervals of a little more than fifteen miles. 
As a result of this investigation Koto finds that folding, 
while easily recognized, has been entirely subordinate to a sys- 
tem of faults in producing the positions and attitudes of rock 
masses, and in determining the present topographic relief. A 
sketch map showing- the location of faults and of axes of folds 
has been reduced from Koto's larger geological map (Fig. 3). 
"The fundamental features of the topography of Korea, as in other 
lands, are the result of internal geologic structure. Indeed the peninsu- 
la was the battle-ground of earth-movements of two directions — the Sin- 
ian and the Liau-tung. In the south of the lava-drowned rift-valley of 
Chyuk-ka-ryong, the axes of crustfolds are mainly N.N.E.-S.S.W., i.e. 
the Sinian. In the extreme north (in the Kai-ma plateau), the fold- 
mountains run from W.S.W. to E.N.E., in the Liau-tung direction. The 
• Bi'NryiRO KoTti. Ph. D. "An OroKraphic Sketch of Korea." Journal of 
the College of Science. Imperial rniversity of Tokyo, Japan. Vol. xix, 1903, 
pp. 1-61., Plates I — IV. 
