Tectonic Ccograf'hy of Asia. Hobbs. 149 
■"Therefore, tlie peninsula is divisible orograpliicallj- into three gigan- 
tic wedges. The south, embracing the whole of South Korea, is the 
old land of The Three Hans. North Korea is again divided into the 
Kai-nia plateau, and the intersertal wedge, — the land of old Chyo-syon 
or Paleo-Chyo-syon. 
I have still to mention a third ciciiu-iit. This time the earth move- 
ment did not produce folds, but ruptured and dislodged the crust, tilt- 
ing up the edge. The main edge runs N.N.W. to S.S.E., at the margin 
of the sea of Japan, facing its high scarp to the deep shore. This tec- 
tonic disturbance, relatively of young age, produced prominent ridges 
which constitute the backbone and determine the present topography. 
The outline of the peninsula is due in a great measure to this geologi- 
cal event. The block-edges I call collectively the Korean range." (pp. 
12 & 13.) 
"Putting aside the Kai-ma land as an exception, Korea is not a 
very high mountainous country, nevertheless we find mountains every- 
where. It is topographically speaking a labyrinth, and one will find 
orientation very difficult in the country without the help of good maps. 
The general disposition of the land is like a checkerboard : this being 
due to the crossing of mountain-directions. / have already enumerated 
about 10 ridges of tJie Korean System, all running more or less north- 
south, terminating in headlands, peninsulas and islands in the Southern 
Archipelago." (pp. 26.) 
"I have grouped together all these fault-scarps and ridges under 
the Han-san range, by which the peninsular block has been successively 
dislodged southward, thus limiting the south border of Korea. Small 
peninsulas, head-lands, islands, islets and rocks are only the detached 
masses and fragments with skeletal ridges of the Tliai-Paik-san and 
Han-san ranges. Hundreds of these fragments abound in the south 
Korean archipelago, (pp. 30.) 
"The earth-movements that disturbed and uplifted the- Kni-ma land 
are mainlj' dislocations and not folds ; consequently the disturbance 
should be classed in the same category as that which created the Korean 
and Han-san systems. 7 can zcithout diificulty distinguish three ridges 
lAiich run parallel to one another in the Liau-iung direction and con- 
stitute the skeleton of this northern plateau. The two southernmost of 
these have the steep side towards the south, but it is remarkable that 
they become successively higher at. the tilted edge, where the block is 
suddenly cut off to a lower level on the south. The tilted edge of this 
narrow but gigantic block is, as I have already stated, the land-mark of 
the two halves of north Korea. The third parallel ridge, however, falls 
away steeply to the narthzcest; in consequence of which a comparative- 
ly low basin is formed in the drainage-area of the Am-nok and the 
Tuman rivers, which is limited on the north by the long Chyang-paik- 
san." (p. 33.) 
"When speaking of the surface-configuration of south Korea. I have 
said that it is like a checker-board, and the same feature is not \kanting 
in the Kai-ma Land — (p. 40). 
