Tectonic Ccoi^raf^hy of Eastern Asia. — Hohbs. 22^ 
the invasion (if the sea in numerous I)ays, like the Owari l)aj', and the 
many bays united in the interior sea, Seto-Utschi, or the mentioned 
dismemberment of the gntiss zone of the Kii peninsula into f'nir horsts, 
separated by meridional Grabcu. All these phenomena belong exclu- 
sively to the outer portion of the north zone and terminate sharply 
where they, join the south zone. 
The South Zone. The above mentioned arms of the sea are all 
sharply cut off in a line by the above named and even narrow band of 
steeply inclined mica schists, which were referi^d to the Samba-gawa 
stage, accompanied as they are by a narrow band of Flysch which runs 
through the islands Kiusiu, Shikoku, and Kii. Furrows of slight breadth 
are incised and serve the ocean as portals for connection with t'^e wide 
bays of the north zone ; they are kept open by powerful tidal currents. 
The south zone begins at these portals. It has already been shonn how 
this zone 'enters in considerable breadth from the vest as the pre- 
sumptive continuation of the south Chinese mountain country and con- 
sists of Paleozoic deposits belonging to the Japanese Chichibu system, 
which are disposed in steep SW to NE striking folds. The dominance 
of northwestern dip is indicative of compression from the NW. I 
have in the place mentioned given to the still nameless range, the name 
Kuma range, after the Kuma river, and sketched it as a nearly uni- 
formly high mountain countrj', difficult of access and deeply incised 
by meandering streams. It has also been shown how the entire zone 
inclusive of the mica schist has suflfered gentle bending and enters the 
island of Shikoku with E to NE strike, crosses it entirely and contin- 
uses toward the peninsula of Kii, by which the strike gradually changes 
into W by S, E by N, and WE. On the way through Shikoku and Kii 
the compression of the structure increases with the closeness of the 
folding, and with it the altitude increases ; the mountain country be- 
comes more difficultly accessible, more closed to travel, and is thinly 
populated ; the valleys are more deeply intrenched ; waterfalls occur in 
the meandering channels of the brooks. This mountainous country of 
Kuma-Kii, as it ma}' here be called, separated into individual fragments 
but belonging together, stands in striking contrast with the landscapes 
of the north zone, which are distinguished by rich variety of topography. 
For the comprehension of the morpholog)' this separation is im- 
portant. I limit myself hence in the first place to the elucidation of the 
structure of the uncovered basement and to the tectonic disturbances 
which and, with the exception of the highly elevated eastern portion, by 
easy communications and great capacity for settlement, hence by dense 
population and an abundance of cities. Upon the geological map, the 
contrast is marked in the concentration of granite in the north zone un- 
til almost upon the border, where it is cut off and it is a rare occurrence 
in the mountainous country of Kuma-Kii : likewise the broad band of 
gneiss of the north zone ends sharply upon the rectilinear border. The 
general map shows that the criteria of open structure which character- 
ize the southern part of the north zone, and in part the basins of the 
inland sea, and the gneiss horsts of Kii, never extend into the south 
