224 The American Geologist. October, 1904, 
zone. The connections of the seas are made through gaps in it; but 
these have an entirely different character. The coasts within the south 
zone are in part of pronounced Rias-type, where the sea washes directly 
the transverse ends of the bedded rocks, and in part gently arched 
steep coasts which indicate falling in. Volcanoes are lacking with the 
exception of those in the Liukiu line. 
From the general morphological point of view, it is significant that 
the line of the mountainous country of Kuma-Kii (which up to the 
emergence from Kii has a length of 6go kilometers) is the unique ex- 
ample in the entire system of arcs here coming under consideration, of 
an arc zcJiich is convex to the ocean. With it is connected the rare 
phenomenon that the compressive force has been directed from the con- 
vex toward the concave side of the arc. One can designate this as a 
reverse arc of compression. 
Continuation of the Tsinling Range in Japan. This result 
of finding a relation in the same sense and of the same kind 
in Japan and China is based upon the conception,already expressed, that 
Tschiugoku, with the ranges of the interior sea, is the continuation of 
the Chinese Tsinling range, which disappears suddenly at the Honan 
fracture. The comparison of the structure says nothing against it ; for 
in China also zones of gneiss alternate with those of Paleozoic beds, 
and post-Carboniferous granites play an important role. Both are 
alike the expressions of the important compression of the entire mount- 
ain mass toward the south. To the argument which Naumann derived 
for the compression of the Japanese range out of the northerly bending 
of the eastern end, is added that common to China of the arc-like com- 
pression of the ranges in the country to the south. The separation of 
the Japanese fragment from the Chinese by an interval of i6 deg. of 
longitude is indeed important; but on the one hand there appears to 
be present within the intervening space in the Hwai range a notable 
depressed fragment of the same range thrust still farther southwards and 
against the Tsinling range, and on the other hand, the interior region 
is one of very deep-seated tectonic disturbances. It cannot be assumed 
that such a mighty framework in the structure of the earth's crust 
as the Tsinling range with its western continuations in central A^ia 
from the time of its formation on, has come to so sudden an end ; it is 
far more probable that it has had a still further continuation in the 
direction of the present Pacific ocean. Here in Japan it conies once 
more to the surface with somewhat altered direction, after which, then, 
in the vicinity of the most extensive of the present extreme depressions 
of the oceanic basin, it seems to come actually to an end. This gives 
to the study of the structure of Japan increased interest. 
The Nagasaki Triangle. If the view here introduced is correct 
that only the northwestern p?rt of Kiusiu, with the granite mountain 
country of Sefuri (1030 m.), belongs to the north zone, there remains 
between this and the south zone a triangular area which is bounded on 
the north side by an E-W line (Matsuyama-Kuruma-Imari) and on the 
