Tectonic Ccograf^liy of liastcni .Isia. — Hobbs. 225 
Sduih l)v the cuiiiucling lino Matsiiyania-Vatsuscliiro. 'J'hc apex in 
MatsiiyaniH. lies opposite tlie stretch of coast l>etwtcn Iinari and Yat- 
suschiro as hase with unique variety of its lines and the types of its 
landscapes, in which Nagasaki is the place generally best known. As 
has already been stated, a basement visible only in few places, owing 
to erosion and subsequent deposition, consists here of probably Ar- 
chaean schists, among them mica schist ; and rock otherwise almost for- 
eign to the north zone, is \v.v\ widely developed along with gneiss, 
while granite occurs only in subordinate amount. Harada considered 
this region as a continuation of the lower zone, which belongs to the 
interior sea. In that case, it would be a portion of the north zone, 
and it. would be necessary to assume that this suffers a deflection 
toward the SW, The interior strike of the beds must then show this 
deflection in western Tschiugoku ; but I have found no observation 
which would confirm this. The position of the intermediate members 
must, therefore, still remain uncertain. 
For this space the great development of volcanoes is character- 
istic. Aso-yama. Unsen-yama, Tara-dake, and others, whose activity 
in part still remains, have covered the land over a wide extent with lava 
and ash. 
"The AKAiscnt Raxge. The remarkable position of this high and 
for the most part massive mountain block was first recognizedi by 
Naumann ; further investigations have confirmed his view. The fold 
axes of the Kuma-Kii. and its accompanying band of mica schist, run 
from the peninsula of Kii over the entrance of the Owari (or Ise) bays, 
toward the lower course of Tenriu-gawa. Here begins a peculiar line, 
directed toward the Suwa lake, drawn to the eastward of the middle 
and upper course of the last mentioned river and parallel to it, which 
marks the line orographically and tectonically. It follows sharply for 
85 kilometers the direction ,N 18 deg. E and turns beyond the pass 
Jiro-Toge in a further stretch of 43 kilometers, in a direction N 10 deg. 
E. Along it runs a furrow, distinguished by short rectangular water 
courses, breaking through westward to the Tenriu-gawa, several passes, 
and numerous villages. It separates gneiss with granite in the west, 
from Paleozoic mountains with bands of mica schist on the east. There 
the north zone is sharply bent to the NNE and N by E; here a similarly 
deflected mountain fragment w-hich all observers including Naumann 
have recognized as a fragment of the south zone, that is to say, of the 
Kuma-Kii range. Naumann has called it the Akaischi sphenoid. This 
mountain block has much compressed structure, reaches in Akaischi 
and Schirane altitudes of 3,093 and 3.150 meters, and has a meridional 
extension of 110 to 130 kilometers, with a medium breadth of 40 kilo- 
meters. 
It shows that there where the north zone has suffered the strongest 
deflection of its crest through its compression toward the south, an 
opening of the correspondingly bent Kuma-Kii range has occurred in 
places until it has disappeared, and an almost detached fragmcjit of it 
has been thrust in the meridional direction. If one regards the region 
