Tectonic Geography of Eastern .Isla. — Uohhs. 287 
chains umlor consicloralitm goes even furtlicr; tdr as in front of the 
place of contact of the Aleutian arc with the ancient continental mass 
of Kamtschatka, a Hne of high volcanoes runs to the SSW with an 
angle of 70 to 80" with the entering line, to be continued as a string 
of islands; so here the Fuji series of volcanoes, likewise continues 
immediately before the place of entrance with an angle of 80" to be 
extended in the ocean ais a series of islands directed S 10° E. 
If. one considers the base from which the Bandai volcanic series 
rises, he recognizes that it is a sunken region. A fault margin accom- 
panies this in the east and intersects the land without regard to the 
structure of the underlying rock, even if deflected at times by it for a 
distance. In the depression of Satporo upon Yezo, such incongruence 
is not yet observable. In Hondo to the westward of Kitakami and 
Abukuma the line of fracture coincides with the oft mentioned 
"median line," which, as was ^hown above, runs discordantly to the 
mountain structure and forms the natural trench for the commerce 
between south and north. The sunken region is covered over with 
young Tertiary siediments, rich in tuff, which in the water parting 
Bandai range compacted by volcanic rocks were overtopped from E 
to W in passes of 600 to 1000 meters, and show upon the map altitude 
figures to above 1,200 meters. 
That still other recent vertical displacements have taken place has 
been indicated above ; for the Tertiary deposits are lacking to the 
Kitakami mountain country; the Abukuma mountain country is ac- 
companied by them near the coast. Each shows sunken areas through 
its Rias coasts ; in the former country are ^evidences of negative trans- 
lation of the coast line. Still more the character of local occurrences 
is in keeping with that of the basin depressions to the west of the 
divide, which are of importance for the form in detail. Like the 
latter, the individualized volcanoes which rise from kettle depressions 
on the west coast can here be considered only in passing. 
Perhaps they belong to the volcanoes which have no immediate 
connection with extended fracture structures, but are built up' over 
isolated chimneys. 
D. GENERAL SCHEME OF THE MOCXTAIX CHAINS OF JAPAN. 
We arrive at the following results: 
1. The island of Shushima and the group of the Goto islands do 
not belong to the structure of Japan, but are to be considered as 
members of the Korean arc. 
2. South Japan consists of twt) ditjcrent independent ranges, 
namely: i. An equatorially directed much degraded main body built 
up of gneisses and Paleozoic sediments folded in post-Carboniferous 
times and greatly intruded by probably post-Carboniferous gran- 
ites, which main body as a whole has been pushed over to the 
south, through which its eastern end suffered a sharp bending with 
S E convexity against a no longer visible obstruction ; and. 2. A broad 
contiguous Mountain Zone (our Kuma Kii range) now retained only in 
one band, consisting of folded Paleozoic and perhaps Algonkian scdi- 
