302 The American Geologist. November, 1904. 
While a deep mine water coming in at the 46th level of the 
Qnincy, analyzed by Dr. Koenig, was as follows : 
Sp. Gr 1.1898 
Ca CI2 17.91 
Na CI 2.96 
Mg CI2 
SO3 
Iron 0.004 
Copper 0.009 
CO2 0.00 
Now these two a^palyses are typical. 
The deep waters are strong solutions of earthy chlorides. 
A water with nearly i per cent, of bromine oozes in the 45th 
level of the Tamarack. The shallow waters are high in alka- 
lies, and so low in chlorine that the alkalies have to be com- 
bined with other acids'. It is no wonder that alkaline zeolites 
occur in the upper levels. One might explain the loss of car- 
bonates if the upper water was descending by a precipitation 
of the same such as we know has taken place, but I do not see 
that we can so explain the presence and absence of chlorine. 
That must, it seems to me. have been an original constituent 
of the deeper rock moisture, either of the sea in which the 
rocks were laid down, or of the igneous magna. Prof. jNIoore 
in his presidential address before the Liverpool Geological So- 
ciety (1903, p. 269) has shown that at the top of a 96 foot 
thick intrusive sheet there is a 10 to 15 foot belt, corresponding 
to the amygdaloids of the Keweenawan series, which contains 
a little over 4 per cent, carbonic oxide and 2.6 per cent, water 
which are, as he believes, probably primary. Analysis of the 
Lighthouse Point dyke, which is probably one of the Keweenaw 
flow feeders, shows chlorine, more than enough to go with P_. 
Og for apatite, and the apatite which has been so commonly 
observed (Vol. VL Part i) also contains chlorine. 
Note the apparent concentration of the early formed oli- 
vine at the margin. 
Moreover around volcanic centers the escape of vapors 
containing chlorine and carbonic oxide and the formation of 
crusts of iron chloride are common. 
Pumpelly furthermore concludes that the water which de- 
posited the copper was descending. One of the arguments 
which he used is that the alkaline silicates abound in the upper 
