326 The American Geologist. xovemtoer. i904. 
Smct quadrangles of the national topographic survey, together cov- 
ering a square degree in latitude and longitude. An unevenly eroded 
surface of t^e Sioux quartzyte was enveloped by the Cretaceous series 
of the Dakota, Benton, Niobrara, and Pierre formations, almost level 
in stratification ; and upon these are spread the till and modified drift, 
with the Gary and Antelope moraines. Artesian wells are obtained 
throughout nea'-ly the entire district, as also farther north and south 
along the James valley, deriving their waters from various horizons in 
the Dakota sandstone, and from higher sand beds included in the Ben- 
ton shales. The numerous maps of "this report, and its very abundant 
drafted sections of the strata penetrated by deep wells, give a most de- 
tailed view of the rock formations and the artesian water suppl}'. 
w. u.. 
Ghu'ial H'citcrs from Oneida to Little Falls. By Herman L. Fairchild. 
Report of the New York State Geologist, 1902; pages ri9-r4i, with 
26 plates, including three folded maps. Albany, N. Y., 1904. 
Elaborate field studies and maps, with photographic illustrations, of 
the numerous small glacial lakes and their channels of outflow in cen- 
tral New York, east of the great glacial lake Iroquois, are presented in 
this paper. The front of the continental ice-sheet receded northwest- 
ward from th'.s upper part of the Mohawk valley, which was thus open- 
ed slowly from Little Falls to Oneida and Rome, before the water 
body in the basin of lake Ontario completed its fall from the level of 
lake Warren to that of lake Iroquois, a vertical fall of about 440 feet. 
Three stages in the Late Glacial and Postglacial history of the upper 
Mohawk valley arc recognized by Prof. Fairchild, who summarizes 
them as follows : 
"i. The Pre-Iroquois or Glaciomohawk waters. These were held 
in the \alley during the ice retreat. They would have been lacustrine 
except for the detrital filling, Ijut were probably fluviatile in the section 
below Utica. 
"2. The Iromohawk river. This great river, draining lake Iro- 
quois and the area of the Great lakes, was the predecessor of the St. 
Lawrence and was the equal of that river in size and possibly in 
length of life. For some thousands of years it swept the valley, 
trenching the rock barrier at Little Falls and grading its channel to that 
falling base level 
"3. The Mohawk river, the shrunken successor of the Iroquois 
flood. 
"It would be interesting if we could apportion with some certainty 
the work of the three stages. It seems likely that the work of the last 
stage, the present river, has been comparatively small. The dimin- 
ished river has cut only about 20 feet into the channel which it found, 
and is meandering in a discouraged and listless way over the broad 
plain of its gigantic ancestor. It is unable to lower greatly for itself 
the rock barrier. Rut between the eft'ects of the first two stages the 
decision is not so clear. The Glaciomohawk waters were large in vol- 
