i6 ^. Winchell on the Animike in Minnesota. 
rocks; but in 1883 he announced the opinion that their place is 
below.' N. H. Winchell, in 18S0, considered the Animike "to 
be only a downward extension of the Cupriferous Series."^ 
The inferior position of the Animike has also been inaintained 
by Irving'* in various publications. But he does not regard it 
as the lower part of the Kewenian.* He holds it to be an older 
system of series separated from the Kewenian by a long inter- 
val of erosion, if not by an unconformity. He holds it to be the 
equivalent of the typical Huronian of Canada, north of lake 
Huron. But he also parallelizes it with the iron-bearing schists 
of the ISIarquette, Menominee, Gogebic and Vermilion regions. 
After a general survey of the rocks of the various regions, he 
concludes: "It thus appears that the Marquette and Menominee 
iron-bearing schists are essentially the same lithologically, with 
those of the Animike group of the north shore."^ And again: 
"The original Huronian, the Animike slates, the Penokee iron- 
rocks and the iron-bearing rocks of the Marquette and Me- 
nominee regions, appear to me, then, in all probability, to belong 
together, and I may hence properly call them all Huronian.'"' 
Ao-ain, speaking of the rocks in northeastern Minnesota assem- 
bled by Bell in the Huronian, professor Irving expresses a 
doubt whether the mica-schists and hornblende-schists are not 
rather dependencies of the older gneisses; but in reference to 
the whole Huronian assemblage of Bell, he concludes: "In 
the present state of our knowledge, it seems probable enough 
that a large part of them should be so referred.'" He recog- 
nizes the difficulty presented in the attempt to make the flat- 
1 Hunt, The Taconic System in Geology, Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, 
vol. I, sec. iv, p. 250. 
2 N. H. Winchell, Ninth Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Minn., p. 70. 
!i Irving, Third Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., pp. 157-163; Monographs 
U. S. Geol. Surv., vol. v, (18S3,) pp. 367-386, 395! Preliminary Paper on 
an investigation of the Archaean formations of the Northwestern States, 
March, 1S86, extracted from sixth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., 203-205. 
* This form of the term is preferred to " Kew^enawan," both because 
more euphonious and of earlier introduction. We are indebted to Hunt 
also, for this designation. It is, however, a synonym of " Nipigon." 
5 Monographs, vol. v, p. 394. 
6 Monographs, vol. v, p. 395. 
'Monographs, vol. v, p. 206. 
