Cope — Sketch of (Dr. Hay den. 1 1 1 
on duty till 1861, when he entered the wai- as a surgeon of vol- 
unteers. He was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for meritorious 
services at its close. 
In 1863 he was elected professor of geology and mineralogy 
in the University of Pennsylvania, and held that post until 1872, 
when he resigned on account of the increased labor of manag- 
ing the survey. In the summer 1866 he made another expedi- 
tion to the upper Missouri. 
The United States geological survey of the territories, un- 
der charge of professor Hay den, was commenced in the spring 
of 1867 and continued until 1879. Ten annual reports of the sur- 
vey have been published in 8vo, and eight volumes of the quarto 
final report. Three volumes of the 4to series are not yet pub- 
lished. This survey was the first of those which have been cre- 
ated by Congress for the purpose of determining and recoi'ding 
scientifically the characteristics of the national domain. It was 
the work of Dr. Hayden, and all other national surveys have 
been of later origin and more or less similar in character. Those 
acquainted with the history of this great work, know the per- 
severing energy necessary for its successful establishment and 
conduct. Dr. Hayden's scientific investigations formed a 
nucleus from which sjDrung the noble series of reports and mon- 
ographs of the survey. He is the founder of our knowledge of 
the geographical geology of North American from the eastern 
border of the plains to the Wasatch mountains, inclusive of the 
latter, thus covering the Rocky mountains from near the 
Canadian boundary to southern New Mexico. Subsequent ex- 
plorers have modified his work in details only, and have given 
it in some respects greater precision, but the grand outlines were 
first laid down by Hayden. Among his numerous discoveries, 
that of the Laramie formation is regarded as the iT.ost impor- 
tant, since it is of great extent in North America, and scarce! v 
known in any other continent. 
At the time of his earlier explorations the aboriginal popula- 
tion of the west was greater than it is now. Dr. Hayden had 
many adventures with the red men, but none resulted in bodily 
harm to himself. His occupation as a geologist excited their 
curiosity, which was generally satisfied by the conclusion that 
he was not entirely sane. The vSioux gave him the name of 
