Personal a ml Scicntijic ^'cu's. 197 
Pleistocene Papers at the Baltimore Meeting ok the 
Geological Society of America. 
Most prominent among the (ilaeial and Pleistocene papers 
presented before the Geoh»gieal Society of America at its 
Baltimore meeting, Thursday to Saturday, December 27-29, 
1894, was the Presidential Address by Prof. T. C'. Chamberlin, 
liecent Glacial StiuUes in Greenland, which was given on Fri- 
day evening. The address was followed by the exhibition of 
a large series of admirable photographic lantern views of the 
glaciers, their enclosed drift, and their marginal morainic de- 
posits. The district most thoroughly examined bortlers the 
north side of Ingleiield gulf, near latitude 78''', where Prof. 
Chamberlin and others of the Peary Relief Expedition spent 
about three weeks in last August at Lieut. Peary's winter 
station on Bowdoin bay, in the midst of many and diversely 
developed glaciers, flowing both from the inland ice-sheet and 
from local outlying fields of neve on the coastal mountains. 
Notes taken during this address supply the folhovving summa- 
ry or abstract : 
The <^ljici('i'S in llic viciiiily ol' linwdoin bay. wIuti' Ifrminatiiii:' on 
ihd' land, cominoiily have very steep, often nearly vertical and sorrn'- 
times overlianjiin""' fronts to hi^rlits of 100 to 200 feet or more. This re- 
nriiirkable contrast with the ji-laciers of more southern latitudes is 
ascribed to |)ei-i|)heral meltiny by reflection of tlie obliijue solar rays 
from the warm adjoining;' f>i-oiind. it seems also to be secondarily de- 
pendent on the very slow rale of lln' j;lacial motion, which is found by 
Peary to be usually scarcely measurabli', wiiile the maximum daily 
rate observed in e.\ceptioiiall\ fasl-Hnwiiiii- yiacifrs in the midsummer is 
from '2\ to -1 feet. 
En<ilacial drift is plentifully seen in many of the front;il ice-clitfs to 
liii^dits of ;>0 t(» 100 feet and occasionally l.">0 feet, or about half of their 
total hinht. It is quite une<iuall.\' distributed, beintr commonl.v gath- 
ered, especially at considerable hiulits, inio layers of an inch to a foot or 
more, where the ice contains much rock detritus, interbedded with 
thicker layers of nearl.v pure ice. Again, masses of drift several feet in 
e.vlent, analogous with till, are rarely enveloped in the ice, which, 
above and beneath these masses and the similarly enclosed boulders, 
has an upwardly and downwardly arching lamination. 
Differential onward flow of the ice, its upju'r and middle portions out- 
stripping those next beneath, has been the chief means of giving to the 
terminal ici'-cliff si-ctions a ver.v distinctly .and surprisingl.\' laminated 
structure. Sometinn-s the differential movement has carried jtart of a 
pre\iousl\ plane /one foi-ward so much faster than that which was bc- 
fort; it as to bend the clearly laminated zone into sigmoid foldsand even 
to produce sharply defined overthrusi faults. In this way the englacial 
boulders and small I'ock fragments are friMpienlly much woi'u and stri- 
ated. 
The inclusion of the enghunal drift is attriluited to al>rasi()n from 
knobs and ridgi'S standing up into theoverriding ice, ratiier than to an.v 
upwardl.\- flowing basal currents. It is observed, however, that the 
front of till' ice sometimes rides upward over its own marginal accu- 
mulations of drift: indeed, wherever onward movement of tin- ice 
boundary is taking place, this seems more fre<|uenl than any glacial 
erosion or pushing forward of the moraine. Strong winds blow prevail- 
inglv down the slope of the jnl;ind ice. often drift Iul'' snow over the 
