332 The American Geoloyist. May, 1895 
ciitions of tho earth's great winter. Thedominaiit feature of the elevert 
epochs of Goikie is coldness, which was a marked cliange from the ear- 
lier conditions in the same latitudes. Ice, however, was not universal, 
and did not characterize the troi)ical regions of the earth. Other prin- 
ciples must be employed in the classification of the later epochs about 
the equatorial regions. 
This view of unity is opposed to an early advocacy of duality, which 
perhaps now might not be insisted upon, with the great increase of knowl- 
edge. McGee's opinions in 1888, regarding the history of the Quater- 
nary (Am. Jour. Sci., Ill, vol. xxxv, p. 403) may be cited for an example^ 
"Collectively the two series of deposits indicate that the Quaternary 
consisted of two and only two great epochs of cold (the later comprising 
two or more sub-epochs); that these epochs were separated by an inter- 
val three, five or ten times as long as the postglacial interval; that the 
earlier cold endured much the longer: that the earlier cold was the 
less intense and the resulting ice-sheet stopped short (in the Atlantic 
slope) of the limit reached by the later; that the earlier glaciation was. 
accompanied by much the greater submergence, exceeding 400 feet at 
the mouth of the Hudson and extending 500 miles southward, while- 
that of the later reached but a tithe of that depth or southing; and that 
during the long interglacial interval the condition of land and sea was 
much as at present." This idea of duality may have been derived from 
an attempt to correlate the eastern phenomena with the two cold epochs, 
inferred for the deposits in the basins of lakes Bonneville and Lahonton. 
It is noteworthy that Gilbert found only a short interglacial phase in 
Utah, which did not correspond with the one just mentioned for the 
east. It seems to me that the two moist maxima of the Great Basin, 
with their short interval, can be best correlated with the two greatest. 
successive glacial epochs, as the Lafayette and Kansan. The later- 
stages may not have been sutticiently intense to affect the extreme dry- 
ness of the far west. 
It seems clear then that the Lafayette may represent the first glacial 
epoch, the Kansan the second, the lowan the third, and the Wisconsin 
the fourth. At present it will be profitless to attempt to disentangle the 
succession of moraines in Ontario, New York, and New^ England, or at 
least I will not attempt it. Perhaps the greatest of the northern New 
England moraines, which, I have thought, may be traced from the An- 
droscoggin lakes to lake Champlain, and which has been noticed in 
northern New York by Mr. S. P. Baldwin, will be found to continue 
westerly north of the Adirondacks into Ontario and to approach the in- 
terglacial beds of Scarboro'. What an interminable series of mo- 
raines there must be between New England and the remotest Lauren- 
tide pile of glaciated debris! 
The new correlation must give us a Champlain glacial epoch, perhaps, 
the fifth or sixth of the scheme. I think the warm Scarboro climate 
cannot be correlated with the arctic Champlain cold. Recalling the 
common fact that the European glacial epochs terminated with depres- 
sion, it is obvious that the Champlain-St. Lawrence estuary may have 
