Morse on Living Brachiopods. — Schuchert. 117 
conclusion he states "Taking a general view of these punctat- 
ed shells, it appears that in a very large majority of cases the 
punctations only remain open around the margins of the 
valves, so that it is probable that whatever function was served 
by these minute perfomtions, its operation was confined to the 
margin of the shell." 
It is to be hoped that students of living brachiopods will 
find out what are the functions of these coecal prolongations 
of the pallium and whether the "delicate periosteum" cover- 
ing the outer shell actually prevents the caeca from function- 
ing except along the lateral and anterior margins. 
Setae. "A very characteristic feature of the Brachiopoda 
is the setae which fringe the borders of the pallium. * * * 
In the errantian forms [these vermian hairs] are highly mo- 
bile and act, as in the annelids, as locomotive organs. * * * 
The setae were primarily locomoter in function and persist 
through inheritance, a secondary function being acquired in 
the Lingulidac in forming the lateral barriers to protect the 
palial cavity from the ingress of sand and mud. In other 
groups, a secondary acquisition has probably been established 
in furnishing a nidus for diatoms and other foreign growths 
which they sustain, often in rich abundance, for the benefit of 
the animal in furnishing, or attracting, a food supply. In all 
brachiopods, they undoubtedly act as a sensory apparatus for 
tactile impressions" (p. 328-9). 
"In T. septentrionalis, the longitudinal ribbing of the shell 
corresponds to the number of setae ; that is to say, at the mar- 
ginal termination of every rib of the shell a seta projects ; this 
is especially marked in the "early stages of the animal" (p. 
331)- 
Muscles. — It is evident from the work of Blochmann 
(Untersuchungen uber den bau der brachiopoden, Jena, pub- 
lished by Fischer, 1901) and Morse that our terminology of 
these structures needs emendation. For the inarticulates, 
Blochmann's terminology will probably come into use, but the 
application of these to articulate Paleozoic forms has not vet 
been attempted. 
Pallium. — "The pallium [or mantle] is the principal re- 
spiratory organ. * * * -'= Nor can we consider the pal- 
lium apart from the shell, for both hard and soft parts of this 
