Klamath Mountains, California. — Hcrsney. 149 
Messrs. Delos and Ralph Arnold, as the result of their 
study of the marine Pleistocene deposits of southern Califor- 
nia,* have shown that their Upper San Pedro series contains 
a semi-tropical fauna, whose relations to preceding and suc- 
ceeding faunas is of such a nature as to mark that epoch as 
one of abnormal wildness. On the basis of that series and its 
correlatives inland and farther north along the coast, I have 
proposedf to establish a San Pedran epoch in California Qua- 
ternary geology. This epoch I considered probably of about 
the same taxonomic value as the lowan epoch of eastern states 
geology. But now that I am willing to accept the idea of 
more than one glacial stage in the California mountains I think 
it probable that each glacial epoch in the eastern states was 
accompanied by increased severity in the California climate. 
It is, therefore, unlikely that a semi-tropical fauna occupied 
the San Pedro sea while conditions favoring glaciation ob- 
tained inland, and probably the San Pedran epoch is the equiv- 
alent, in part at least, of one of the inter-glacial epochs of the 
eastern states. After reviewing the subject of erosion of the 
San Pedran deposits in southern California, about the bay of 
San Francisco and in the great valley, I am constrained to 
place them in the inter-glacial epoch immediately succeeding 
the lowan epoch, preferably in its earlier part. The glacial 
deposit at the Nash mine would then probably fall somewhere 
within what I have defined as the Los Angelan epoch. 
The present altitude of the Nash mine is 4250 feet above 
sea level. In the life of the elephant whose remains have been 
found there, the altitude may have been more or less, but the 
ruggedness of the country was equally as great as at the pres- 
ent time. The mountains surrounding the basin are very steep 
and rocky, and rise 2000 to nearly 3500 feet above the Nash 
mine. To have ascended the Coffee creek must have been 
nearly impossible for a large animal as the stream for miles 
below the mine flows in a narrow, extremely rocky caiion, fall- 
ing at the rate of 200 to 300 feet per mile. In general char- 
- acter, this region is similar to the "High Sierras" and it is 
somewhat surprising that an elephant penetrated into it. 
* "The Marine Pliocene and Pleistocene Stratigraphy of the Coast of 
Southern California." Journal of Geology, vol. x, No. 2, Feb. -Mar., 1902. 
t "The Quaternary of Southern California." Bull. Dept. Geol., Univ. Calif., 
Tol. 3, No. 1, p. 27. 
