356 The American Geologist. J"'"^^' ^■^^'^■ 
theni Tennessee. Sufficient data are not at liand, as yet, to 
determine whether tliese formations (hminish in thickness on 
being- traced from the flanks toward the crest of the present 
Cincinnati uphft. 
The southern extension of the upper half of the Lorraine, 
in central and southern Kentucky, is much more argillaceous 
and siliceous than the northern portion, in Indiana and Ohio. 
It also contains a much smaller number and variety of fos- 
sils. At many levels and at, many localities there is evidence 
of deposition during shallow water conditions. There is abun- 
dant evidence that at the close of the Lorraine these shallow 
water conditions extended northward into Indiana and Ohio. 
At Alarble Hill, the socalled marble stratum forming the 
top of the Lorraine consists of ii feet of white, massive lime- 
stone almost entirely composed of rolled fragments of thick- 
shelled gasteropods and lamellibranchs, swept together by 
some powerful current. The top of this stratum is strongly 
wavemarked, the trend of the ridges being ten degrees east 
of north. This stratum has an extension of at least ten miles. 
About five and a half miles south of Versailles, the top of the 
Lorraine is formed by a wavemarked layer of limestone. The 
lowest Richmond beds at Lebanon, Ohio, are wavemarked. 
Numerous other instances of wavemarking at this horizon 
might be given. 
Another evidence of shallow water conditions at the close 
of the Lorraine in Indiana and Ohio consists in the frequent 
occurrence of nodular clay or of nodular clayey limestone at 
the top of the formation. This is especially characteristic of 
the top of the Lorraine along its line of outcrop in Ohio, but 
may be seen also at many localities in Indiana. 
Shallow water conditions are in evidence also at many lev- 
els in the Richmond stage throughout Indiana and Ohio. The 
great thickness of the Richmond stage along the northern line 
of outcrop in Indiana and Ohio as compared with the thickness 
in central Kentucky was probably due to a long continued 
progressive depression of the sea bottom in the more north- 
ern area, while the elevation of the sea bottom may have con- 
tinued for some time after the close of the Lorraine in cen- 
tral Kentucky. At least, the rate of depression in the south- 
ern area mav have been much less. 
