Drift in Minneapolis, Minn. — Upham. 289 
sections at the western border of the moraine, on the New 
Brighton road close west of the Hillside cemetery, is illus- 
trated by section 10, plate VII. This excavation varies from 
6 to 12 feet in depth, and along its extent of about 350 feet it 
has continuously 3 to 7 feet of yellow till, underlain, at an un- 
dulating line of division which is not parallel with the surface, 
by red till of greater depth than the cut. Here no interband- 
ing or mingling of the two formations is discernible. 
Evidences of Englacial Transportation of the Drift. 
With what has been slid in the discussion of the changes 
of the glacial currents on this area, and in the foregoing ex- 
planations of the interstratification of red and yellow or gray 
till, it seems sufficient here to direct attention explicitly to my 
belief that the drift described in this paper was chiefly con- 
tained Avithin the lower part of the slowly moving ice-sheet, 
oscillating on this area with unsteady movements near the 
close of the Ice age; and that it finally became in large amount 
superglacial by the surface melting or ablation. This view will 
also be shown to be supported by the moraine belts and by 
the modified drift, which to my mind, indeed, seem hardly pos- 
sible to be accounted for by any theory of mainly subglacial 
drift transportation and deposition. 
Till and Marginal Moraines. 
In the north part of Minneapolis, tracts of till extending 
into the city area from the east and west approach within less 
than a mile of each other, the intervening space being occu- 
pied by modified drift. P'or many miles northward, and also 
south to Fort Snelling, the Mississippi river is bordered by 
wider areas of modified drift, nearly everywhere underlain, 
doubtless, by a deposit of till. Adjoining the blufifs of the 
river gorge, the till has generally a thickness of 10 to 20 feet 
above the Trenton limestone and shales. It was in some 
places bared along these blufifs, as west of the Franklin avenue 
bridge, by the river's washing away the thin sand and gravel 
before the gorge was eroded by the receding waterfall. 
Nearly all of the Minneapolis till area east of the river has 
abundant hills, knolls and short ridges with no predominant 
trends, the contour being that familiar to glacialists as charac- 
