18 The Aiin'ricdii (U'oUxjhl . July, isiio 
In Saxony we read of the association of eonj^lomerates with 
antliracite. 
In Hungary Liassic coals are reported to occur as sciui-aii- 
thracite. 
In Switzerland, Savoy, and Italy, anthracite occurs with 
schists and sandstones, considerably tlexetl and reposing- on 
Silurian rocks. Gras says the thickness of the aiitlir;ici(e- 
bearing strata of the Alps was about 25,000 feet. 
In Baden, the coal of Orenburg* is anthracite and is bedded 
in a zone of Oirboniferous sandstone between the steep gneiss 
rocks at the mouth of the Kinzig valley. The coal beds dip 
at high angles and were originally thought to be reinx. 
In the Donetz region in Russia, A. Briill informs us tliat on 
the southwest the coal lield is bounded by crystalline forma- 
tions; on the northwest the measures are highly inclined and 
covered by Permian beds. Sandstones are numerous and the 
seams of coal are anthracite. Prof. Hull, in his ''Coal Fields 
of Great Britain," says, "It is a most remarkable circumstance 
in connection with the Donetz formation, that the same beds 
of coal, from being highly bituminous in the western part of 
the field, pass by imperceptible gradations into anthracite in 
the eastern parts in a manner analogous to that of the South 
Wales coal field in our own country. In the western or bitu- 
minous districts the coals are associated with limestones con- 
taining Spirifer iii<is</tieHs/s. Towards the center these calca- 
reous beds tail out and are replaced by beds of sandstone and 
shale, which become hardened and altered as the coal seams 
become anthracitic." 
In the Province of Leon, Spain, Hausmann (in Q. J. G. S., 
vol. 7, part 2, p. 11) reports extensive coal beds of great 
thickness, much tilted and squeezed between highly inclined 
rocks (in a mountainous region) in a remarkable manner: 
moreover clay slates, sandstones and quartzites abound in the 
Coal Measures. 
In the district of Oporto, Portugal, S. C. Hibeirs (in Q. J. 
G. S., vol. 19, part 2, p. t)) describes anthracite of more than 
one grade occurring in association with clay slates, breccias, 
sandstones and quartzites, with steep dips and metamorphic 
aspects. 
*M. Ludwig, Q. J. G. S., vol. 14, p. 2() of notes. 
