lieview of Recent Geological Liferatnre. 43 
discussed by Professor Haworth, John Bennett, M. Z. Kirk, John G. 
Hall, and E. B. Knerr. Near Strong City occur the most pronounced 
anticlinals and synclinals in all the Coal Measure area, with an angle 
of 200 feet to the mile with the horizontal. 
Haworth devotes chapter IX to a summary of the stratigraphy and 
correlation of the formations. Two general laws hold for the various 
formations. They dip and thicken to the west, and the limestones are 
the most regular and persistent of the various rocks. The total thick- 
ness of thr rocks is 3,545 feet, 800 feet of lower Coal Measures. 1,950 feet 
of upper Coal Measures, 795 feet of Permian strata. The basal forma- 
tion is the Mississippian, rich in deposits of lead and zinc. Next comes 
the Cherokee shales covering a wide area as shown by well drillings 
and by comparison with similar formations in Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, 
and Texas. Above comes the Oswego and Pawnee limestones followed 
by the Pleasantou shales, 250 feet thick, throwing out to the north. 
Above these shales is the Erie limestone rich in fossils with a maximum 
thickness of 100 feet and covered with 200 feet of Thayer shales. The 
other strata in order are lola limestone. Carlyle limestone, Lawrence 
shales, Oread limestone, Osage City shales, Wabaunser formation of 
Prosser, Cottonwood Falls limestone ranging 5 to 10 feet thick and a 
very important building stone. 
On account of the frequency of calcareous material with marine fos- 
sils, and the great amount of salt water in the shales, Haworth regards 
them as of submarine origin. The low anticlines and synclines with 
northwest trend are thought to be due mainly to inequalities in the old 
ocean floor. There are no faults of large extent noted and no evidence of 
metamorphism was seen. In the entire Coal Measure system the ratio 
of limestone to total thickness of the rocks is 1:5, and the largest amount 
is near the middle of the Coal Measures. The total thickness is not 
less than 2,600 feet; and the rocks cover on area of 20,000 square miles. 
The Kansas Coal Measures are divided into lower and upper on 
paleontological evidence. The division line is placed at the top of the 
Pleasanton shales where there is a marked change in life and also a 
sharp physical change from shales to limestone. The Cottonwood Falls 
limestone is taken as the base of the Permian as determined by Prosser. 
Chapter X discusses Physiography. The streams flow in broad val- 
leys reaching five miles in width and have nearly all reached base level, 
and are now filling in the lower part of their courses. There are very 
few broad rolling areas in the Carboniferous area of the state, for the 
uplands show sharp escarpments, due to the limestone outcrop. In the 
Permian areas these escarpments are absent. The next four chapters 
are devoted to preliminary papers on the coal fields, oil and gas, sur- 
face gravels, Coal Measure soils, with methods of fertilization. 
Twenty counties of the state produce coal of economic importance 
and four others contain considerable amount of coal. More than 88 
per cent, of the coal mined in the state in 1894 came from the Cherokee 
shale horizon, the thickest vein averaging 40 inches. From a study of 
the chemical and physical properties of the coals it is found that they 
