Ice Age in Xorfh America a ikJ Europe. — Uphaiii. 101 
others in Europe : and it has been regarded as the more prob- 
able also far America by Chamberlin, Salisbiir}', MeGee, and 
others. 
Under this view, Geikie distinguishes no less than eleven 
stages or epochs, glacial and interglacial, which he has very 
recently named,* since the pviblication last year of the new 
edition of his "Great Ice Age," in which, however, they were 
fvdly described. These divisions of the Glacial period are as 
follows: 1. The Scanian or first glacial epoch: 2. The Nor- 
folkian or first interglacial epoch ; 8. The Saxonian or second 
glacial epoch; 4. The Helvetian or second interglacial epoch; 
5. The Polandian or third glacial epoch ; 6. The Neudeckian 
or third interglacial epoch: T. The Mecklenburgian or fourth 
glacial epoch ; 8. The Lower Forestian or fourth interglacial 
epoch : 9. The Lower Turbarian or fifth glacial epoch ; 10. 
The Upper Forestian or fifth interglacial epoch ; and 1 1 . The 
Upper Turbarian or sixth glacial epoch. 
The earliest application of such geographic names to the 
successive stages and formations of the Ice age appears to be 
that of Chamberlin in his two chapters contributed to the new 
third edition of Geikie's admirable work before mentioned, in 
which he names the Kansan, East lowan, and East Wisconsin 
formations. For the second and third he has since adopted 
the shorter names, lowan and Wisconsin, which were suggest- 
ed b}^ a review in the American Geologist (vol. xv, ]). 50). 
This classification he has also more recently extended, the in- 
terglacial stage and deposits between the Kansan and lowan 
till formations being named Aftonian, and the Toronto inter- 
glacial formation being thus named and referred, with some 
doubt, to an interval between the lowan and Wisconsin stages. 
Chamberlin correlates, with a good degree of confidence, his 
Kansan stage of maximum North American glaciation with 
the maximum in Europe, which is Geikie's Saxonian epocli : 
the Aftonian stage as Geikie's Helvetian; the lowan as the 
European Polandian ; and the Wisconsin or moraine-forming 
stage of the United States as the Mecklenburgian, wliich was 
the stage of the "great Baltic glacier" and its similarly well 
developed moraines. f 
*Journal of Geology, vol. iii, pp. 241-269, April-May, 1895. 
t.Jounial of Geology, vol. in, pj). 270-277. April-May, 1805. 
