Ice Age in Xorfh America and Europe. — Uphain. 105 
nent wave from south to north and northeast ; continued re- 
treat of the ice along most of its extent, but its maximum ad- 
vance in southern New England, with fluctuations and the 
formation of prominent marginal moraines ; great glacial lakes 
on the northern borders of the United States. 
The Mecklenburgian stage in Europe. Conspicuous moraine 
accumulations in Sweden, Denmark, German}^ and Finland, 
on the southern and eastern margins of the great Baltic gla- 
cier. No extensive glacial re-advance between the lowan and 
Wisconsin stages, either in North America or Europe. 
7. Warren stage. Maximum extent of the glacial lake 
Warren, held on its northeast side by the retreating ice bor- 
der ; one expanse of water, as mapped by Spencer, Lawson, 
Taylor, Gilbert, and others, from lake Superior over lakes 
Michigan, Huron, and Erie, to the southwestern part of lake 
Ontario ; its latest southern beach traced east by Gilbert to 
Crittenden, N. Y., correlated by Lsverett with the Lockport 
moraine.* 
This and later American stages, all of minor importance and 
duration in comparison with th? preceding, cannot probably 
be shown to be equivalent with Geikie's European divisions 
belonging in the same time. Successive American boundaries 
of the receding ice-sheet are noted as on Plate V, in accord- 
ance with studies of the Laurentian series of glacial lakes. 
8. Toronto stage. Slight glacial oscillations, with tem- 
perate climate nearly as now, at Toronto and Scarboro', Ont., 
indicated by interbedded deposits of till and fossiliferous 
stratitied gravel, sand, and clay. These sections and the cli- 
matic conditions of the Toronto stage, with its place in the 
series, are more fully considered in the May number of the 
American Geologist (pages 285-291). 
Although the waning ice-sheet still occupied a vast area on 
the northeast, and twice re-advanced, with deposition of much 
till, during the formation of the Scarboro' fossiliferous drift 
series, the climate then, determined by the Champlain low al- 
titude of the land, by the proximity of the large glacial lake 
Algonquin, succeeding the larger lake AVarren, and by the 
eastward and northeastward surface atmospheric currents and 
courses of all storms, was not less mild than now. The trees 
*Am. Jour. Sei., Ill, vol. l, pp. 1-20, with map, July, 1895. 
