Ilevieir of Jleccnf (jleohxjiccl Lifcraljire. 199 
rell and his brother, as aheady noted in the American Geologist (vol. 
xm, p. 132, Feb., 1894, and vol. xiv, pp. 338-340, Nov., 1894), and the 
Labrador peninsula, which Mr. A. P. Low crossed from south to north 
and again from east to west and south. 
Low's northward route was l)y lake Mistassini, the upper part of the 
East Main river, lakes Nichicun and Kauiapiskau, and down the Kok- 
soak or Ungava river to Fort Chimo, near the debouchure of the river 
into Ungava bay. Finding great scarcity of provisions there, with fam- 
ine and starvation of the Indians, Low and his party took passage on 
the Hudson Bay Company's steamer to Hamilton Inlet. Thence they 
went up the Hamilton river, by its expansion in lake Winokapau, to the 
Grand falls, where the river has .300 feet of sheer vertical plunge, with a 
very narrow and crooked canon next below, about ten miles long and 
descending in that distance another 300 feet. Lake Winokapau was 
found to have a maximum depth of 416 feet, and was at one place 80 
feet deep within 50 feet from the shore. From these soundings Mr. 
Low concludes that " the elevation of the land in preglacial times was 
much greater than at present, and that the valley of the Hamilton river 
has since been filled up with glacial drift: out of which the river is again 
cutting a channel ; but owing to the less elevated state of the land it 
will probably not again reach the depth that it had previous to the gla- 
cial fjeriod." The Champlain subsidence and reelevation at Hamilton 
Inlet, as shown by raised beaches, are thought not to have exceeded 200 
feet. 
In summing up his observations. Low writes: " The most important 
geological information obtained is the discovery of a great and hitherto 
unknown area of Cambrian rocks extending north-northwest from north 
latitude 53 degrees to beyond the west side of Ungava bay. These rocks 
are made up of a great thickness of conglomerates, sandstones, slates, 
shales, and limestones, together with intrusive igneous rocks. Their 
chief economic value is due to the immense amount of bedded iron ore 
found along with them. The ores are chiefly specular and red luema- 
tite, together with beds of siderite or carbonate of iron. Thick beds of 
fine ore associated with jasper were met with in many places, on both 
the Ungava and Hamilton rivers : and the amount seen runs up into 
millions of tons. Owing to their distance from the seaboard, these ores 
at present are of little value, but the time may come when they will add 
greatly to the wealth of the country."' The similarity of these areas 
with the valuable mining districts of northern Michigan, Wisconsin, and 
Minnesota, seems especially noteworthy. 
From observations of the glacial stria' and transportation of drift, it 
appears that the ice-sheet flowed outward " in all directiims from a cen 
tral area south of lake Kaniapiskau and between the headwaters of the 
Hamilton and East Main rivers." Upon the central tract, however. 
only a comparatively small amount of ice movenu'nt is indicated, for 
the ground, even to the very summit of the hills, is commonly covered 
by very abundant suVjangular blocks and boulders of the local rocks, 
while erratics are very rare. 
