Geological Society and A. A. A. S. Meetings. — Upham. 237 
Much discussion followed this paper. Prof. White had wanted still 
water, as of the Champlain submergence, to explain the terraces of the 
Monongahela valley. Prof. Kemp cited the barrenness of the clays in 
the Hudson valley as to all organic remains, excepting a few diatoms, 
and remarked that the variety of fossils is small in the Champlain val- 
ley. Prof. J. W. Spencer called attention to the moderate elevation of 
the Laurentide mountains, so-called, and noted other topographic fea- 
tures of the St. Lawrence basin. Prof. Davis said that a criterion of a 
marine terrace would be steady uniformity of level, not varying with 
the inclination of the stream, and that the Pennsylvania and West Vir- 
ginia terraces are thereby shown to be of fluvial instead of marine ori- 
gin. President Shaler suggested that the lack of fossils might be 
caused by the decay of organic matter in the clays, which would develop 
gases and destroy them. Prof. Hitchcock, in closing the discussion, 
said it was hard fen- him to understand why the Hudson valley and that 
of lake Champlain are not more alike in this respect, since no high bar- 
rier separated them. The view taken by Upham gives to the land about 
the mouth of the Hudson even a somewhat higher altitude throughout 
the Champlain epoch than now, so that a glacial lake in the Hudson 
and Champlain valleys outflowed there to the ocean; but he thinks that 
the Hudson valley had become much uplifted northward from the 
Champlain depression before the continuing glacial retreat admitted 
the sea to the St. Lawrence and Champlain valleys. 
Drumlins and Marginal Moraines of Ice-sheets. Warren Upham, 
Cleveland, Ohio. (Read by title.) Field studies of drumlins in New 
Hampshire, northeastern Massachusetts and New York, and of mar- 
ginal moraines in New England, Long Island, Minnesota, Iowa, the 
Dakotas, and Manitoba, suj)ply explanations of their origin from previ- 
ously englacial drift. The drumlins are shown to have been amassed 
from a sheet of till which had become superglacial by ablation, but 
which afterward by glacial overflow became enclosed in the ice-sheet 
and finally was heaped in these oval or more elongated smooth hills 
of subglacial till. The moraines are referred to pauses in the Cham- 
plain recession of the ice-sheet, when its currents were accelerated by 
steeper gradients and much warmer, climate than during the earlier 
stages of ice accumulation and maximum glaciation. Both in North 
America and Europe the marginal moraines and drumlins are attribu- 
ted chiefly to the Champlain epoch, that is, the short and definite 
closing part of the Ice age. 
The Glacial Genesee lakes. H. L. Fairchild, Rochester N. Y. The 
direction, inclination and extent of the Genesee valley made possible the 
production, during the retreat of the ice-sheet, of a succession of glacial 
lakes with different outlets. The paper described, with the aid of a map, 
(1) the present topography and hydrography of the valley, (2) the an- 
cient drainage channels, (3) the complex lacustrine phenomena. Ten 
stages in the gradual uncovering of this area from the ice-sheet were 
traced, of which the eighth, with l)eaches and deltas at 900 to 910 feet 
above the sea, was regarded as the time of the glacial lake Warren; the 
