Voi'riisiioiideiK'c. no 7 
bury aud others; and the value of his conclusions is further iuL-reasi-il 
by the extended observations made by hira several years before on the 
glaciers of southern Greenland. "The general moraine," be says,, 
"which can be compared with that in Scandinavia, ends in North Amer- 
ica in a V)ouldery belt inclosing small lakes, with drift hills and ridges 
sometimes 150 to 300 feet high, trending commonly in a direction at 
right angles to the glacial striaj. This moraine belt is somewhat like 
the Swedish hilly moraine landscape. It is this ridged belt that is 
called the terminal moraine. Americans consider themselves able to 
trace this from east of New York along the south side of the Great 
Lakes into Dakota to the east bank of the Missoviri, also farther along 
that river toward the north and northwest. 
"These terminal moraines, according to the interglacial conceptions. 
are supposed to mark the southern boundary of the American ice-sheet 
during the second glacial epoch or ice age. But south of this belt is 
found a consideraVjle tract which adjoins it as a border, and which is- 
characterized in general by less severe glaciation, and, on the whole, by 
a thinner and less comi^lete covering of glacial deposits. This tract has 
been called 'the fringe,' or, to use a term of the interglacialists, the 'at- 
tenuated border.' The larger part of this is attributed to the first ice 
age. 
"When Chamberlin in 1883 expressed himself more certainly for the 
interglacial theory he founded his convictions on two reasons, the first 
of which was the position of the 'terminal moraine.' Since then, how- 
ever, it has been discovered that there are several such morainic belts 
which lie concentric one inside the other. If one lets the most southern 
moraine prove a separate ice age, it becomes hard to understand why 
the same importance should not be given to the other remaining mo- 
raine lines. 
•'In 1886, Chamberlin and Salisbury gave a more complete sketch of 
the differences between the two ice epochs. The first was less power- 
ful, scattered its material more uniformly, and did not generally pile it 
up in moraine ridges; wherefore terminal moraines and drumlins are 
wanting. Fvirther, the glacial erosion was weaker, so that the water 
systems of the drift area south of the moraines have few lakes or rapids. 
"During the last ice age the conditions were nearly the reverse. The 
glaciation was quite strong, and immense terminal moraines were plowed 
up. The mountain sides were strongly eroded, and the streams flowed 
with great power in their courses, sending vast masses of glacial gravels 
from the edge of the ice far down into the valleys, which they filled tn 
a great depth with well assorted material. 
"But this so-called proof, the writer dares maintain, speaks tlirt'ctly 
against the theory of the interglacialists. If North America had two 
ice ages, of which the first, after having covered nearly one-half of the 
continent, melted so comj^letely that it left the country in an interglacial 
condition free from ice as now, it certainly is very peculiar that the ici^ 
of the succeeding epoch should reach almost as far as that of the fiist. 
It is even more peculiar that the action of the first and maximum ii ,• 
