140 The American Geologist. September, 1902 
from south to north in this distance. Other hues of ahnost 
horizontal stratification exist, but are less observable, through- 
out the loess, which is thus clearly shown to be an aqueous de- 
posit. Several small gastropod shells were found in it by mem- 
bers of our party, but they were too delicate to be preserved for 
determination of their species. Three others, which have been 
carefully preserved by Mr. Butts, are said to have been found 
at the same place with the skeleton. 
To ascertain the date of this fossil man in the sequence of 
the time divisions or stages of the Ice age, we must have re- 
course to the classification of these stages in their chronologic 
order as defined during the last ten years by the field observa- 
tions and writings of Chamberlin, James Geikie, and other 
eminent glacialists, both of America and Europe. In the Uni- 
ted States we owe more to the careful stvidies of glacial geol- 
ogists in Iowa than in any other state, in respect to the series 
and probable duration of the stages recognizable in the Gla- 
cial period. Calvin, McGee, Call, Leverett, Bain, Udde'n, 
Shimek, and others, have worked ^-ery advantageously on the 
drift series in Iowa; and their work has been supplemented, 
for the later drift deposits farther north, by Chamberlin, Sal- 
isbury, Winchell, Todd, and the present writer, in Wisconsin, 
jMinncsota, the Dakotas, and Manitoba, and by the late Dr. 
George M. Dawson and his associates in the Geological Sur- 
vey of Canada. From these very thorough explorations and 
discussions of the history of the Ice age, we have received, 
chiefly through the systematic correlations of .Chamberlin, 
Dawson, Calvin, and Leverett, an elaborate classification of its 
successive epochs and stages, which, for definite statement of 
the geologic date of the loess and the Lansing skeleton, need 
to be here briefly noted, as follows. 
I. The. culmination of the Ozarkian epeirogenic uplift, in 
the later part of the Lafayette period, the earhest of the Qua- 
ternary era, afl^ecting both North America and Europe, raised 
the glaciated areas to so high altitudes that they received snow 
throughout the year and became deeply ice-enveloped. Sub- 
merged valleys and fjords show that this elevation was at least 
1000 to 4000 feet above the present hight. Rudely chipped 
stone implements and human bones in the plateau gravel of 
southern England, 90 feet and higher above the Thames, and 
