Mail in the Ice Age. — Upliam. 145 
Even these Late Glacial indications of man's existence in 
America, however, have been doubted in recent years by some 
of our ablest geologists and arch?eologists, for which reason 
Prof. W. H. Holmes, of the U. S. National Museum, has given 
much attention to this subject, visiting many of the reputed lo- 
calities of evidences of man contemporaneous with the Ice age. 
His excavations and discussion of the locality of abundant ar- 
tificially flaked quartz chips at Little Falls, Minn., led him to 
the conclusion that they were the work of modern Indians. 
But within the past year this place has been again very carefully 
studied by Brower and Winchell, with new excavations, leading 
them to refer the quartz chips to the later part of the Wisconsin 
stage of the Glacial period, while the waning ice-sheet yet cov- 
ered the ground of the headwaters of the Mississippi.* To this 
view T have continuously given my support from the time when 
these quartzes were first brought to my attention by the paper 
concerning them presented by Miss Franc E. Babbitt at the 
meeting of the American Association in Minneapolis in 1883. 
We owe to Prof. Winchell the first discovery twenty-five 
years ago, of artificial quartz chips at Little Falls referable 
to ihe Glacial period, his observations there in 1877 being 
published in the Sixth Annual Report of the Geological Survey 
of Alinnesota. This was only one or two years after the earliest 
discoveries of stone implements in the glacial grav-els of Tren- 
ton. 
Brower gives to his work the title "Kakabikansing," which 
is the O jib way word meaning Little Falls. His investigations, 
supplemented l^y aid of Prof. Winchell, seem to me to leave no 
room for doubt that men there, on the upper Mississippi river 
in central Minnesota, were contemporaneous with the accumu- 
lation of the great Leaf Hills moraine and with the glacial 
Lake Agassiz. 
In the appendix of this volume I contributed a short paper, 
entitled "Primitive Man in the Ice Age," from which I may 
here quote two paragraphs to give my view of the probable 
•Memoirs of Explorations in the Basin of the Mississippi: Volume V. 
Kakabikansing, by J. V. Hkower, F^resident of the Quivira Historical Society, 
with a Contributed Section by N. H. WiNCiiKLL, President of the Geological 
Society of America, Councilors of the Minnesota Historical Society. Pane 
126; with many maps, and photographic illustrations of the quartz chips and 
implements. St. Paul, Minn., 19012. 
