Man in flic Ice ^-Igc. — Upham. 149 
ranging" from three to fifteen miles in width, and attaining a 
depth below its present bottomlands. 
During the Wisconsin moraine-forming stage the land was 
re-elevated to about its present hight. The ^Missouri and its 
tributary streams, laden with gravel, sand, and fine silt, sup- 
plied plentifully from the melting ice in this stage, built up again 
their lloodplains to bights slightly above the present river bot- 
toms. Between Sioux City and Council Bluffs, Iowa, a distance 
of 90 miles, this alluvial plain of the Wisconsin modified drift 
is mainlv 6 to 12 miles wide on the east side of the river, a 
most fertile tract for corn-raising. 
The Lansing discovery gives us much definite knowledge of 
a Glacial man, dolichocephalic, low-browed, and prognathous, 
having nearly the same stature as our people today. As stated 
by Prof. WllHston, he was doubtless contemporary with the 
Equus fauna, well represented in the Late Pleistocene deposits 
of Kansas, which includes extinct species of the horse, bison, 
mammoth and mastodon, megalonyx, moose, camels, llamas, 
and peccaries. He was also the contemporary of the Late 
Paleolithic men of Europe, who in the Solutrian and Mag- 
dalenian development of implement-making from flint and bone, 
and in various other manifestations of artistic skill, were far 
advanced beyond primitive savagery. 
It may be reasonably expected that many other evidences 
of the men of the loess-forming stage of the Ice age will be 
found, and wiU give some knowdedge or hints of their mode 
of life. Two such items of testimony are already known in 
Iowa. Prof. F. M. Witter, superintendent of schools at ^^lus- 
catine, in a paper read before the Iowa Academy of Sciences 
in 1891, described "a rather rudely formed spear point of pink- 
ish chert." found in the loess in that city about 12 feet from 
the surface, and an arrow point in the same loess section, "at 
least 25 feet below the surface." Both were discovered in 
place by Mr. Charles Freeman, the proprietor of a brickya'-d. 
Again, in volume XT. of the Iowa (ieological Survey, published 
last year. Prof. J. A. L'dden, reporting on Pottawattami'; 
county, writes : "In tunnelling the cellars into the loess hills 
back of Conrad Geisse's old brewery, on Upper Broadway in 
the same city [Council Bluffs], it is claimed that a grooved 
stone ax was taken out from under thirty feet of loess and fortv 
