Rcviezv of Recent Geological Literature. 325 
(Toronto of former writings) interval, is recognized in the weathering 
and erosion of the loess-covered area. 
The Wisconsin stage is subdivided into an early and a late Wiscon- 
sin with sn unnamed interval between. The evidence of this interval 
is shown in this region by a shifting of the ice movement and by a 
topographic contrast in the moraines, "those of the Early Wisconsin 
having smooth ridges without lakes or deep basins on them, while the 
Late Wisconsin moraines present a hummocky surface, deeply in- 
dented by basins, and in places carry lakes. The interval is also inferred 
from the clearer phenomena in the region of the Illinois lobe, where 
the shifting of the ice .movement is very pronounced." 
Three ice lobes of Wisconsin age occupied '"this territory, the Miami 
lobe, the Scioto lobe and the Grand River lobe. The moraines confi- 
dently referred to the Early Wisconsin are the Hartwell moraine, the 
outer one of the Miami lobe, a few miles north of Cincinnati, and the 
Cuba moraine, of the Early Wisconsin is not clearly distinguished from 
the Late Wisconsin. The Late Wisconsin includes the remarkable ser- 
ies of looped moraines within the two moraines named above- These 
are described in considerable detail along with their associated phen- 
omena- In the discussion they are divided into the main morainic sys- 
tem, which includes the heavy outer moraine, and the minor moraines, 
which include the inner, later and more regularly disposed moraines 
of recession. The later moraines of the Maumee basin are separately 
discussed, as are those which closely border lake Erie. The moraines 
of the Erie lobe are the Cleveland moraine and the Lake Escarpment 
system, running from near Cleveland eastward into New York. The 
last group includes the moraines of western New York south of lake 
Ontario. 
In the Miami-Maumee region ten distinct moraines are mapped. 
Along the meridian of the Scioto lobe 11 moraines are shown. Of the 
lake escarpment system four moraines are named ; and of the Ontario 
group eight. This makes a series of 23 moraines in the district, suc- 
cessive in time. In no other part of the world has such an extended 
series of recessional moraines been found, and its importance is great 
as a basis for correlation in deciphering the history of the ice retreat 
in neighboring districts. 
The phenomena of the larger and later glacial lakes which bor- 
' dered the ice front are discussed at length. The numerous smaller 
glacial lakes which briefly occupied the heads of the valleys sloping 
iceward are very briefly considered. Four handsome maps portray 
the history and shorelines of the great lakes Maumee, Whittlesey and 
Warren. The earliest and highest of these lakes in the Erie basin was 
Maimiee (named by Dryer in 1888), which had its outlet at Fort Wayne 
to the Wabash-Mississippi. The Maumee shore is generally recorded 
in two bars or ridges, 10 to 20 feet apart. The lower beach is believed 
to correlate with a second outlet which Taylor found at Imlay, on the 
"thumb" of Michigan. The second outlet carried the waters over into 
the Saginaw vallev and to the glacial lake Chicago, which latter sent its 
