326 The American Geologist. xovemtaer, 1902 
overflow to the Illinois-Mississippi. The enlarged lake Maumee ex- 
tended from Fort Wayne northeastward to the ice front 150 iniles (cov- 
ering some 50 miles of the western end of the present lake Erie), with 
two arms along the north and south sides of the glacier lobe. The 
southern "beaches extend to Girard, Pa., and the northern into Lapeer 
county, Mich. Its total area was larger than that of the present Erie. 
The present altitude of the upper beach at the Fort Wayne outlet is 
about 775 feet. When the Huron-Erie ice lobe receded still farther 
northward and downward on the "thumb" of Michigan the Maumee 
waters found another yet lower outlet, at Ubley (also discovered by 
Taylor), and the initial' outlet at Fort Wayne was finally abandoned. 
This lake, called Whittlesey by Taylor, v^^as 30 feet lower than Mau- 
mee but also contributed its waters to lake Chicago. The shoreline 
of Whittlesey, called the Belmore beach, named by N. H. Winchell in 
1872 (the Ridgeway of Spencer), extends eastward to Marilla, N. Y., 
15 miles east of Buffalo. This lake covered the greater part of the 
Maumee valley, all the area of the present lakes Erie and St Clair, 
with a large territory in Canada. Its total surface was more than 
twice that of the present Erie. , 
With yet farther retreat of the ice front in Michigan the Whittle- 
sey waters found lower escape than by the Ubley outlet, and with a fall ' 
of 50 or 60 feet they became confluent with those of lake Saginaw. The 
expanded waters are known as like Warren, using a name of Spencer. 
Being lower, the Warren waters were more constricted in the Erie 
basin than the Whittlese}', but the total area was far greater. They 
covered a large area in the Saginaw valle}-, including all of Saginaw 
bay and the lower end of lake Huron, a considerable area in Canada, in- 
cluding the western end of the present Ontario ; and an irregular belt 
through the "Finger" lakes region of New York. The entire surface 
was perhaps three times that of Erie, and averaged 200 feet higher. 
The beaches of lake Warren are complex. The upper persistent ridge 
is known as the "Arkona" and a lower one the "Forest," with an in- 
terval of 10-20 feet. In central New York the Forest level alone is 
thought to be represented 
.\s these ancient beaches were all laid down in horizontality, but are 
not now level, they are of value especially as a means of measuring 
the amount of deformation which the Laurentian region has suffered 
in post-glacial time. 
The freshest feature of the book, and the most useful to teachers 
and students, is the series of beautiful maps. These show the main 
features of the Pleistocene geology in the best style of modern carto- 
graphy. Another valuable feature is the complete bibliography. 
The slight errors which the reviewer has noted are merely sufficient 
to emphasize the accuracy of the work, which is noteworthy, consider- 
ing the vast area covered and the complexity of the phenomena. 
H. L. F. 
