278 The American Geologist. ^i^y, 1904. 
given. But in each case there is a buried gorge in the bottom 
of the mature hanging valley. Other valleys tributary to both 
Cayuga and Seneca lakes have similar conditions. 
From this evidence it is held that the testimony of a large 
number of valleys establishes the fact that there are, in both 
Cayuga and Seneca valleys, hanging tributary valleys of ma- 
ture fonn whose rock bottoms, leaving out of consideration 
gorges sunk in them as a result of some rejuvenation, are at 
least 845 and 1500 feet respectively above the rock floor of the 
main valleys to which they are tributary. 
Steepened Main Valley Slopes : One of the most striking 
features in th-e topography of the Cayuga and Seneca valleys 
is the change in slope of the valley walls at about the 800 or 
900 foot contour. This is shown not only along but between 
the tributaries. It is especially apparent in the field, and is clear- 
ly revealed on the contour maps. Above these contours the 
slopes are prevailingly moderate ; below, they are decidedly 
steeper, as the accompanying cross-sections (Figs. 16-23) clear- 
Fig. 16. Cross section of Cayuga valley at Ithaca, crossing Cornell 
University campus. (Scale same as Fig. 7.) 
ly show. This is not always the case, for in some instances 
while the change in slope is noticed on one side of the valley it 
is absent on the other side. This i^: illustrated in the cross-sec- 
tions (Figs. i6 and 17). Moreover, there are places where the 
steep valley wall extends well above the 900 foot contour. 
Fig. 17. Cross section of Cayuga valley just south of Lick brook, four 
miles south of Ithaca. (Scale same as Fig. 7.) 
'■UTi'tir ' 
Fig. IS. Cross section of Lalve Cayusra valley, two miles north of 
Ithaca. (Scale same as Fig. 7. 1 
The cross-sections of the Cayuga and Seneca valleys 
(Figs. 15, 16, and 19-23) indicate that the steepened lower 
