Great Ice- Dams. — Taylor. 13 
opened. If his view was correct, then the abandoned beaches 
of northern Ohio were the remains of glacial or ice-dammed 
lakes. The possibility of discovering some definite relation 
or connection between the ice-dams and the beaches became 
at once an attractive theme. Mr. Gilbert took up the subject 
again and explored the coast along the south side of lake 
Erie into western New York, with results and conclusions 
which are summarized in the following quotation from an 
article by Mr. Frank Leverett, published in April, 1892. 
"Some years ago Mr. Gilbert discovered that several of the 
raised beaches of Lake Erie do not completely .encircle that 
body of water, but terminate in a successive series from higher 
to lower in passing eastward from northern Ohio to south- 
western New York. The results of his study are unpub- 
lished, * * ''' In explanation of the termination of 
these beaches, Mr. Gilbert has entertained the theory that they 
represent successive positions of the ice-front in its northeast- 
ward retreat across the Lake Erie basin, but has held that 
the complete verification of this theory depends upon the oc- 
currence of moraines which are demonstrable correlatives of 
the beaches."* 
The next substantial advance toward the precise location 
of the ice-dams was made by Mr. Leverett, who studied the 
moraines of Ohio and their relations to the beaches in 1889, 
1890 and 1891. He followed the Defiance moraine from near 
Findlay eastward to the hills southeast of Cleveland, where 
he found two other moraines between it and the present lake 
shore. The first one (the second from the shore) is strong 
as far west as Newburg about five miles southeast of Cleve- 
land, but fades out at North Linndale southwest of the city, 
where it passes below the level of one of the old lake beaches. 
This is called the Newburg moraine. 
The second moraine, lying at a somewhat lower level and 
nearer the lake shore, fades out westward at Euclid about ten 
miles east-northeast of Cleveland. This is called the Euclid 
moraine. The close proximity of the three moraines near 
Cleveland is due to the fact that they are banked up on the 
*''On the Correlation of Moraines with Raised Beaches of lake 
Erie." Am. Jour. Sci., 3rd series, vol. XLIII, April 1892; p. 284. 
This paper presents an account of Mr. Leverett's work on the moraines 
and beaches of Ohio. 
