192 The America?i Geologist. September, kh'jo 
go by, 1 am more inclined to place dependence on lithology and (within 
certain limits) less on paleontology, in making correlations. The only 
trulv safe way of identifying formations is by actually and faithfully 
tracing them across country from outcrop to outcrop, noting the changes 
which they undergo, and their relations to the strata above and below. 
When this is done the correlations rest on a basis which no amount of 
paleontological evidence can weaken. It is because of the contradic- 
tory nature of the paleontological evidence that the Joplin mining geol- 
ogists refuse to accept the extension of the Iowa-Illinois nomenclature 
to their district but this correlation rests upon actual tracing work and 
has a sound basis. 
Galena, Mo., Au^s^. 24, iSgg. Oscar H. Hershev. 
Is THE So-called "Upheaval of Scandinavia,'' Apparent or 
Real? When Celsius in 1730, offered the suggestion that the observed 
rising of the Baltic shores was due, in fact to a real subsidence of the 
waters of the Baltic, he encountered a storm of opposition. 
Leopold Von Buch about 1610 attributed the rising of these shores 
to the actual upheaval of the land, assuming the sea level to be an 
invariable plane of reference. 
Von Buch's decision at this time, in so far as I can learn, has never 
been questioned; on the contrary universal acceptance has been 
granted to his theory, and the upheaval of Scandinavia has conse- 
quently entered into the science of Geology as a type — a living repre- 
sentative of that slow growth of continents — that gradual uplifting of 
mountain ranges, by which geology, under the theory of a cooling 
and wrinkling globe, would explain all rugosities of the earth's sur- 
face. 
Now I believe that good and sufficient reason exists for a recon- 
sideration of this entire o^uestion, and I would offer in favor of the 
theory of Celsius and in opposition to that of Von Buch, the follow- 
ing discussion, believing the argument contains matter worthy of 
more complete study. 
Mr. William Ferrel, well-known for his mathematical discussions 
of tides and tidal influences, has shown (Science, Vol. 7) that the 
oceanic waters are now piled up against the coasts of Europe owing 
to the impulse of the gulf stream, which is continually pushing its 
waters against these shores. He says (page 76): 
"For instance in the North Atlantic the tendency to flow eastward 
in the middle and higher latitudes, causes a slight heaping up of the 
water, and a rise of surface level adjacent to the coast of Europe, and 
a drawing away of the water and a depression of sea level along the 
northeast coast of the United States." 
He then gives a table of gradients showing the slope of the ocean's 
surface under this deforming influence. This table gives the gradient 
at each 10 degrees of latitude from the equator to the poles. 
Ferrel says again (page 76) : 
"From this table it seems that a velocity of four miles per day of 
