Shore Development in tJic Bras d' Or Lakes. — Woodman. 329 
SHORE DEVELOPMENT IN THE 
BRAS D'OR LAKES.* 
By J. Edmund Woodman, Cambridge, Mass. 
(Plate XVI.) 
Origin of the Forelands of tJie Bras d'Or. 
In two papers Dr. F. S. Gulliver has written at some length 
of the formation of those projections now given the generic 
name "forelands." The first,t descriptive of only one variety, 
contains the following : "The present writer is inclined to at- 
tribute the attack of the sea largely to the waves, and its 
transporting action largely to the tides and currents." The 
table of contents divides the forms described into cur- 
rent, tidal, and delta cusps. The formative power of the wave, 
either in direct impact or in wave currents, is not considered. 
In the second paper,t which is elaborate in its treatment of 
constructional forms, essentially the same point of view is 
taken. A slight indication of belief in the efificacy of wave- 
formed currents is given (pp. 177, 178, 179), but it is evident 
that the chief emphasis is laid upon the larger currents of 
oceanic circulation. Such map studies fall into the weakness of 
regarding as genetically related, forms which merely have a 
similarity of appearance. 
Prof. R. S. Tarr,§ in describing cus])s in the Bras d'Or 
lakes and lake Cayuga, attributes their formation to waves, 
and throws out the suggestion that everywhere waves may 
have a large share in the construction of such features. 
In order to discover the method of growth of the forelands 
of the Bras d'Or, two lines of approach must be employed : 
(i) watching the building operations wherever possible, from 
the shore and water; (2) ascertaining the conditions under 
which this building takes place, by all observations which can 
be made to bear upon the subject. If map interpretation were 
*The field work upon which this paper is based was done during the 
season of 1898. Hoping to revisit the region and extend the observa- 
tions, I have held the notes then made; but as there is no prospect for 
a time of more study on the spot, it seems best to collect wliat is known 
of the phenomena, while previous papers are fresh. 
tBull. Geo!. Soc. Am., vol. VII, pp. 309-422. 
JProc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci., vol. XXXIV, pp. 151-258. 
§Am. Geol., vol. XXV, pp. 1-12. 
