/ in- rease Allen Lapham, — Winchell. 15 
may be understood, therefore, that it required on the part of 
Lapham a degree of independent reliance on his own observa- 
tions and judgment, which is not always possessed by 
scientists, to arrive at and advocate in his volume, a wide 
departure from the conclusions of his exemplars and prede- 
cessors. In short, he ascribed the mounds which he exam- 
ined, to the agency of the Indian and his immediate ances- 
tors. He saw no reason to call in the aid of an imaginary 
race. It is not necessary here to dwell on the merits of this 
question pro nor con. It is sufficient to say that the views of 
Messrs. Squier and Davis continued current in scientific cir- 
cles until within a few years, to the neglect and discredit of 
Lapham' s work. It is only necessary to add that there is at the 
present almost a unanimous change of view amongst archeol- 
ogists and ethnologists in America as to the relation of these 
remains to the present Indian races, resulting in a complete 
indorsement of the views of Lapham. 
Jf. Cartographical Work. 
Lapham's early education as an apprentice, and especially 
as a young engineer, served to qualify him for skilful draught- 
ing, and to introduce him to the wide experience which he 
subsequently had in cartography. There is no field of profes- 
sional work in which may be found a greater number of spec- 
imens of his handiwork. Even his earliest maps were exe- 
cuted with scrupulous care, and the nicety of their lining and 
lettering attests the delicacy of his touch and the patience of 
his untiring application. There are maps extant, some of 
them unpublished, of Portsmouth, O. (made before he was 
seventeen years of age), of the region of the falls of the Ohio, 
showing New Albany, Clarksville and Jeffersonville, on the 
north side of the river, and Portland and Louisville on the south 
side, made in 1828, when assistant engineer to the Louisville 
and Portland canal. This map possesses great historic value 
and is herewith reproduced on a reduced scale ("plate a). The 
original scale is 1,(500 feet to the inch. The reduction is by one- 
third the linear dimensions of the original. On hi- removal 
to Milwaukee (July 1. 1 n:?(> >. one of his firsl professional acts 
was the construction of a map of the city, then a si raggling vil- 
lage of 1,200 inhabitants, belonging to the territory of Michi- 
