Increase Allen Lapham, — Winchell. 17 
writer came to Minnesota in 1872, Dr. Lapham sent him this 
map as a contribution to the geology of the adjoining area. 
and it hung for many years in a conspicuous place in his 
office, where it was consulted hundreds of times prior to tin- 
publication of the sheets of the great atlas of the late geolog- 
ical survey of that state. 
Many other maps, some designed to show the climatology, 
or the distribution of forests or the statistics, or the location 
of aboriginal earthworks, or the topography of some portions 
of the state, appear among his publications. The work of 
cartographers, in all fields of natural science, and particularly 
in geology and topography, is apt to be undervalued. It is 
the function of a map to summarize and express in one view 
a multitude of details. It is the last conclusion of a long 
series of tedious and time-consuming records. It is the re- 
sult of a process of minute research in the confused facts of 
an untrodden field. It embodies- the "Q. E. D." of a philo- 
sophical discussion, or of a scientific investigation. It re- 
quires a peculiar type of mind to group in the form of an 
original chart the chief results of such research. We find by 
this review of Dr. Lapham*s work that a resort to the carto- 
graphical method of expression was one of his peculiar 
traits which was frequently resorted to. He was no less a 
pioneer in this field in the development of the science of 
Wisconsin, than in others in which he has been more highly 
applauded. 
5. Geological Work. 
The accompaning list of Dr. Lapham's publications will 
give in detail his geological work. Beginning in Ohio at the 
early age of sixteen, when in 1N2K he sent his "Notice of the 
Louisville and Shippingsport canal and of the geology of the 
vicinity" (with maps, sections, etc.) to the American Journal 
of Science* he 011I3' remitted his geological labors a few- 
months prior to his death, and after he had been honored by 
the governor of Wisconsin with the appointment of "Chief 
Geologist" under the law ordering a thorough survey of that 
state. Twelve of the published works included in the list 
of his papers are exclusively geological, and several others 
have geological chapters, or are so allied to or based <>n a 
*Op. cit., vol. v, pp. 65-69, 1828. 
