Increase Allen Lapham. — Winchell. 21 
Gogebic range) one of the famous iron regions of the country. 
He based his opinion on some chemical analyses that had been 
made and on what he saw outcropping, of the hard siliceous 
magnetite. He fully identifies the ore as passing into the slate 
rock in one direction and into a "hard rock" in the other, and 
he concludes that the ore must have had an origin as early as 
the rock itself. He announces the opinion also that "the ge- 
ological relations of this prolonged ore-bed are quite the same 
as those of the non-magnetic ores near Marquette, 1 ' an opinion 
which for many years remained current, endorsed as it was 
by all later surveys, and until the wider extent of this forma- 
tion was studied in Minnesota. 
On the basis of this examination Dr. Lapham wrote two 
other articles, designed to arouse the interests of capitalists, 
and the public authority for the construction of the necessary 
railroads.* But the war of the rebellion soon coming on 
caused a postponement of material development in northern 
Wisconsin for many years, and Dr. Lapham did not live to see 
the fruition of the expectations which he expressed. 
On the sudden death of Dr. J. G. Pereival, when serving as 
state geologist of Wisconsin, it was found that his second re- 
port was left incomplete and the field notes in much confusion. 
To Lapham was assigned the task of reducing them to order 
and preparing the report for the printer. He re- wrote the en- 
tire report and added to it a geological map of the state based 
on his own wider acquaintance with the state, though incorpo- 
rating also such modifications as the more detailed examina- 
tions by Percjval made necessary. The report is in substance 
Percival's, but in form it is more Lapham' s. 
In 1860, Dr. Lapham made an important announcement to 
the Milwaukee Geological Club. It was the discovery of 
"rocks near Milwaukee equivalent to the Devonian (Old Red 
sandstone) containing remains, which he exhibited, of charac- 
teristic fishes. These remains consist of fragments of bone. 
teeth, and a paddle with portions of the tuberculated skin or 
osseous covering. The bed containing these remain- overlies 
the Niagara group and is the uppermost of the geological scries 
*Transactions, Wisconsin Agricultural Society, 18G0 ; and Hunt's 
Merchant's Magazine, for April, 1860. 
