Review of Mecent Geological Literature 285 
have originated in deeply buried masses of iron, as it has been shown by 
Moissan that carbon ran be made to crystallize oul of, melted wroughl 
iron in the form of diamond, if the iron is allowed to cool under pres- 
sure. (J. 
On tin conversion of chloriU into biotite in rock-metamorphism. I>\ 
Charles Callaway. (Gieol. Magazine, III. vol. 10, pp. 535-8, Dec. 1893:) 
The author in a former paper (Q. .1. < ;. s.. Aug., 1889, p. 475) has con- 
tended that tlie biotite of the gneisses and schists of Malvern was pro- 
duced out of hornblende through the intermediate form of chlorite. 
This conclusion seems to have been questioned. He mentions several 
others. — Lossen, Michel Levy, Salomon, and Rudermann, — who have 
described the production of biotite from chlorite, ami then proceeds to 
a theoretical discussion of the question. He attempts to account for 
the necessary gain, in this change, of silica, iron oxide and potash, and 
for the loss of magnesia and water. The degradational change of biotite 
to chlorite is well known, but this reconstructional change of the lat- 
ter to the former is not so well known, and is of special interest in the 
study of metamorphism. G. 
On the basalts of Kula. By Henry S. Washington. (Amer. .lour, of 
Science. ::. vol. 47, pp. 114-123. Feb.. 1894.) 
Near Kula. in Asia Minor, are found a number of volcanic cones from 
which have come many Hows of hornblende basalts in comparatively 
recent times, but none of these cones are now active. These basalts are 
structurally divided into normal, hyalopilitic, semi-vitreous and tach- 
ylytic. Leucite is for the first time reported from a hornblende basalt. 
The hornblende shows alteration, due to magmatic action, in three 
ways, the most important of which is loan aggregate of augite, opacite, 
and a brown mineral which the author thinks is hyperst hene. These 
basalts are characterized by a targe amount of hornblende, and the 
name 1,-iiliiiti is proposed for "a Sub-group of the basalts which is char- 
acterized by the invariable presence of hornblende as an essential con- 
stituent, which also, both in quantity and petrographical importance. 
surpasses the augite; in other words, to a la rue extent replaces the latter. 
We can call such a plagioclase-basall kulaite, having the further subdi- 
visions of leucite-kulaite, and nepheline-kulaite." <i. 
On tin chemical composition "f staurolite, and tin regular arrangement of 
its carbonaceous inclusions. I>\ S. I.. Penfield and J. H. Pratt. (Amer. 
.lour. Science. Hi. vol. xi.vii. pp. si 89, Feb., 1894.) 
Ten very careful analyses were made of selected staurolite crystals 
from St. Gothard, Switzerland; Windham. Me.: Libson, N. II.: ami 
Burnsville, N. <'. The results agree verj closelj with each other, and 
1 lie rat ios obtained from the analyses give the formula HA1 5 l'VSi a ( ), :{ . 
which was suggested bj Groth. This is t he most reliable work done on 
the chemical composition of staurolite. A number of sections cut 
across crystals show that the carbonaceous inclusions are arranged in 
certain planes so that each staurolite prism contains two skeleton or 
l than torn pyramids, out lined by carbonaceous material, whose bases cor- 
