The Columbian Exposition. — Williams. 349 
partly in the west gallery of the Mining building. This in- 
eluded examples of all native American gems and many 
unique foreign specimens, especially from Russia. In this 
connection the collections by Mr. Kunz to illustrate the asso- 
ciation and geological mode of occurrence of diamond, opal, 
amber, platinum and pyrope deserve especial mention. 
Among other noteworthy exhibits of gems, the great dis- 
play of Kimberly diamonds and of the gangue rock from 
which they were being washed was, of course, pre-eminent. 
The output of the Jagersfonstein diamond mine for a 
single day (Feb. 12th, 1893), exhibited in the pavilion of the 
Orange Free State in the Agricultural building, contained 
546 stones weighing 651 carats. Many of these were of fine 
color and purity, one of them weighing about 30 carats. This 
mine is said to have produced in Ma}^, 1893, the largest dia- 
mond known, weighing 971 carats. Rough diamonds were 
also shown from the fields of Bingera in New South Wales, 
and one from North Carolina. 
Ceylon exhibited in her own building many characteristic 
gems, including ruby, sapphire, alexandrite, eymophane, 
pearls, spinel ruby, zircon, topaz, cinnamon garnet, and moon- 
stone. The Russian manufactures exhibit likewise included 
many precious and ornamental stones found within the limits 
of the empire. Among these were crystals and cut specimens 
of aquamarine, alexandrite, blue topaz, chrysolite and phena- 
cite; while among the ornamental and polished stones may 
be named jade, malachite, lapislazuli, rhodonite, jasper, sele- 
nite and labradorite. The latter mineral from a newly dis- 
covered locality in the department of Kiew, in southern 
Russia, surpasses all other labradorite in its iridescence. 
North Carolina was especially noteworthy in her display of 
native gems, including ruby, sapphire, aquamarine, golden 
beryl, hiddenite, rose garnet, amethyst and rutilated quartz. 
Other gem exhibits which deserve mention embrace the fresh 
water (Unio) pearls from Wisconsin, the rubies and sapphires 
from Montana, the opal from Idaho, the turquoise from Villa 
Grove, Colorado, the asteratedquartz, blue sodalite and cha- 
toyant perthite from Canada, tourmalines from Maine, and 
various stones from Siam, Mexico, and New South Wales. The 
beautiful case of rough and cut gems so artistically displayed 
