Evidences of Epeirogenic Movements.—U pham. 163 
The vast areal extent of the uplifts, and the great altitudes 
which they attained, producing an arctic climate and snowfall 
during all the year in the present temperate zone, were perhaps 
never before equaled, on so grand a scale, in the earth's his- 
tory. Their result, the Ice age, was not less unique, being 
alone, as a period of continental glaciation, during the very 
long eras since the closing part of Paleozoic time. The very 
great depths to which the bottoms of the former river valleys 
are submerged have been so lately determined, and they seem 
-so astonishing in comparison with the general geologic sta- 
bility and permanence of the continents and ocean basins, that 
all geologists will welcome the report of Prof. W. C. Brog- 
ger’s recent studies of epeirogenic movements preceding, at- 
tending, and following the glaciation of the Christiania region 
in southern Norway.* 
An English summary of this volume is given at its end, 
in pages 679-714, followed only by its indexes and plates. The 
figures of the fossil marine molluscan faunas, of Late Glacial 
and Postglacial age, occurring near Christiania, comprise 140 
genera, represented by 277 species. Many of these species are 
illustrated by two, three, or four figures; and for a consider- 
able number two or more varieties are figured. 
These studies are very instructive, as they take account of 
a hitherto generally unrecognized or neglected class of evi- 
dences of land uplift and subsidence, namely, the character of 
fossil marine shells, which give testimony by the species and 
their known habitats, as in deep or shallow water, or on shores 
at or near the range of the tides, concerning the altitude of the 
land when they were living at the localities, since depressed or 
uplifted, where they are now found fossil. 
During the time of maximum extension of the European 
ice-sheet, according to the opinion of Brégger, the Scandinav- 
ian peninsula was greatly uplifted; and probably all western 
Europe participated more or less in the same movement. The 
evidence noted by Brogger consists in the occurrence at great 
depths in the Norwegian sea, near Spitzbergen and between 
*Om de Senglaciale og Postglaciale Nivaforandringer i Kristianiafeltet 
(Molluskfaunan) [On the Late Glacial and Postglacial Changes of Level in the 
Christiania Region], by W. C. BroGGER, assisted by E. B. MUNSTER, I. OYEN 
and others. Geological Survey of Norway, No. 31; pages 731, with 19 plates, 
and 69 figures in the text. Christiania, 1900 and 1901. 
