Evidences of Epetrogenic Movements.—U phan, 167 
epiglacial moraine stage. At Christiania the upper marine 
boundary is about 215 meters above the sea, showing a dif- 
ferential postglacial uplift increasing in amount from south 
to north between these places. During the epiglacial stage 
the sinking of the land ceased, and the postglacial re-elevation 
began. 
For the whole period of sinking between the formation of 
the outer marginal moraine and the fifth or epiglacial series 
of moraines, Brogger proposes the name of the Christiania 
period. It corresponds to the Champlain submergence in 
America, and this time, closing the Glacial period, may well 
be named oy both continents the Champlain epoch, as this 
name has priority. 
Dr. Brégger and his assistants have made likewise careful 
studies of the shell banks belonging to the postglacial period 
of re-elevation of this part of Scandinavia. It is thought that 
the Champlain sinking began on the borders of the peninsula, 
and gradually extended to its central area, where the depres- 
sion seems to have been more than in the peripheral tracts, as 
was pointed out several years ago by Baron De Geer, from his 
investigations made principally on the southeastern side, in 
Sweden, adjoining the Baltic sea.. Similarly, the ensuing up- 
lift of Norway and Sweden to their present hight is shown 
by the characters of the marine molluscan faunas, which are re- 
ported in full details, to have begun earliest in the peripheral 
parts and to have advanced faster there than in the central 
parts of the country, at least during the first half of the uplift. 
The re-elevation thus proceeded, as in the area of the glacial 
lake Agassiz, like a wave of permanent uplift, from the re- 
gion earliest unburdened of the ice weight to the central region 
where a part of the ice-sheet remained latest unmelted.* In 
the Christiania district no interruption and temporary reversal 
of the general postglacial uplift has been recognized, such as 
De Geer and others have shown for southern Sweden and the 
Baltic basin. 
Numerous computations and estimates collected by Hansen 
in Norway, Sweden, and other parts of the glaciated area of 
Europe. indicate that the Ice age there ended about 5,000 to 
* Journal of Geology. vol. ii, op. 383-395, May-June, 1894. _U. S. Geol. Sur- 
vey, Monograph xxv, **The Glacial Luke Agassiz,"’ 1895, pp. 474-522. 
