Glaciers and Glacial Radiant.-i — Clat/poh. 8*-) 
■sia though hu- from equalling that of inidlaiid North America 
has left uhiunlant traces of its presence as far south as Kiev, 
Pultava and Voronetz but its boundary then turns northward 
4ind rudely coincides with the courses of the Volga, Kanui and 
Petchora so far as it has yet been followed. East of this line 
the marks of glaciation have not been reported. It is evident 
that as in North Aineriea there is no close connection betveeen 
the terminal moraiire or the extreme marks of ice-action and 
the parallels of Jatitiule. In all probability it will be found that 
a glacial radiant of considerable size existed on the northern 
part of the Uralian range whose ice may even have become con- 
fluent with the wide sheet that was advancing to meet it from 
Norway and Sweden. But testimony so far as it can be ob- 
tained is almost unanimous that in the middle and southern 
parts of the Urals no trace of ice-action can l>e fouml. 
The evidence from Europe therefore places itself in line with 
that from North America and directly opposes the theory of 
a great polar ice-cap while favoring that which is here advocated 
of a number of separate radiiuts whose ice-streams sometimes 
became conHuent and covered very large areas in the northern 
itnd western parts of the continent. 
The area covered by the ice on the present tlieory is indeed 
equal to all that has been claimed by the partizans of the op- 
posing view so far as depends on direct evidence. The funda- 
mental difference between them lies in the fact that the former 
restricts the extent of the ice-sheet within those limits which 
the facts warrant, while the other extends it without ground 
over an immense area from which no evidence has yet been ol)- 
tained and enormously magnifies its thickness. The latter has 
therefore been in large part a matter of secondary inference and 
there is no little reason to fear that in many cases an imagina- 
tion, not truly scientihc. has been the cliief constructor of the 
edifice . 
It should be further pointed out that we have in Europe as in 
America evidence of greater elevation of the land during pre- 
glacial and probably during early glacial times in the deeply 
indented shore-lines. The coasts of Ireland, Scotland and Nor- 
way show us the most intricate system of fiords and inlets that 
the earth's present geography affords. These excellent har 
