The Waverly Group in Ohio— Herrick. 95 
mill-stone grit or Coal-Measures conglomerate geologists loug 
ago erected an independent group called the Waverly or Cuya- 
hoga division. 
First supposed to be the stratigraphical equivalent of the 
Ohemung in New York, it has of late been generally regarded as 
Carboniferous though no attempt was made to correlate its 
strata with any higher horizon than that of the Kinderhook. 
Prof. Alexander Winchell who has most extensively studied 
the Waverly approached it in a comparative way, having already 
discovered its homologue in Michigan to be of composite nature, 
a,nd subdivided it into the Huron and Marshall, the latter division 
being regarded as the specific equivalent of the fossiliferous 
upper portion of the Waverly. 
The correctness of this view was shown by the discovery of 
Prof. Newberry that the Erie shale is a real equivalent of at 
least apart of th? Chemung or Portage.* In spite of sundry 
suggestions, however, up to the present time the consensus of 
■geologists seems to be that the Ohio formations lying above the 
Erie, including Bedford shale and Berea grit, constitute a unit 
of the column and should be assigned to an age at least later 
than the top of the Chemung and essentially Carboniferous in 
(fauna. To this Prof. Winchell is an exception, though only 
hypothetically suggesting that some portion of the lower 
Waverly may be an equivalent of his Michigan Huron group. 
It is not intended to here enter into a discusssion of the 
(history of opinion of which Prof. Winchell has given an ad- 
mirable summary. 
The present writer was induced to enter upon an examina- 
tion of the Ohio Waverly rather from the stand-point of a biol- 
•ogist than that of a geologist. The question prominently in 
mind throughout has been that relating to the vital conditions 
and changes indicated by the remains so poorly and tickly pre- 
served in these sandy strata. The study has been of absorbing 
interest and the results are in some measure represented by the 
papers published during the past two years in the bulletin of 
Denison University. Incidentally a considerable number of 
*The following species have been collected by us from the Erie shales. 
apirtfer alius, S. di»janctuH, S. prdniuiturus, Leiorhi/nchu.t uie»arost(Uis, 
■Streptorhyitchus rhernungennis, Ortliis tiogay Terebnitiild sp., lihynchonMa 
mppho^ /yfiopteria, sp., Orthoeeras bebryx, Produvtva (like hichrymonuD.) 
