Carboniferous Glaciation^ Etc. — White. 307 
estellse and bivalve shells with the valves still united, show- 
ing that they had lived, died, and been tranquilly preserved 
where they are now found, and proving, as conclusively as 
the matrix in which they are preserved, that they could never 
have been exposed to any currents of sufficient force and ra- 
pidity to transport the blocks now found lying side by side with 
them. These included fragments of rock are of all sizes from 
a few inches to several feet in diameter," It is stated on the 
authority of Wilkinson that some of these boulders might be 
measured in yards. Mr. Oldham describes similar deposits 
as far north as Wollongong, in the Blue mountains on the 
west, and extending northward into Queensland. A minute 
description of a section of the Stony Creek terranes (Lower 
Coal Measures), together with a chart recently given by Mr, 
T, W. Edgeworth David before the Geological Society of Lon- 
don,' fully corroborates the evidence and the conclusions of 
Mr. Oldham. In roughly sketching the series of formations 
in New South Wales, much time will be saved by introducing 
paleontological data with the stratigraphical, trusting that 
the reader will carry them in mind until we reach the considera- 
tion of the age of the various terranes especially that contain- 
ing the glacial indications.^ 
The Muree beds of New South Wales rest generally on 
older rocks of granite, etc., and in places in uncertain relations 
on the Silurian and the fossiliferous Devonian. In the in- 
terior they rest, conformably as stated by several writers, on a 
great deposit of yellow sandstone, from which only Lepido- 
dendron and a species of Cyclostigma have so far been ob~ 
tained, and which are supposed to be Devonian. Near Stroud 
Arowa and Port Stephens an older flora, regarded by Feist- 
mantel as Sub-Carboniferous, occurs, containing, among 
others, Calamites radiatus Brongt., Lepidodendron veltheim- 
ianum., L. Yolkmannianwin., and representing the genera 
Cyclostigma^ and Archoeopteris. It is not definitely known 
whether these plants came from the lower part (glacial) or 
the Muree beds, or below them. The chief point, however, is 
^ Eviilence of g;lacial action in the Carboniferous and Hawksbury 
series, New South Wales, vol. xliii, No 170, 1887, pp. 190-195. 
2 The importint bearing of Australian geology in the establishment 
of the age of tht^ Gondwana system is my apology for introducing a 
more detailed description of its terranes. 
